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A TREATISE 

ON 

MINERAL WATERS 

AND 

SEA-SIDE RESORTS. 



A TREATISE 



ON 



MINERAL WATERS 

AND 

SEA-SIDE RESORTS, 

DESCRIPTIVE AND MEDICAL, 

BY 

C. W. CHANCELLOR, M. D., 



Jjate Professor of Surgery in the Washington University . Baltimore; 

Secretary and Executive Officer of the State Board of Health of 

Maryland; Member of the American Public Health Asso- 

giation; Member of the American Medical Association ; 

Member of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 

of Maryland ; Corresponding Member of the 

Boston Gynecological Society, d-c, &c. 



BALTIMORE: 

Published by John B. Piet & Co., 

174 W. Baltimore Street. 

1883; 



V. 



& c 









.*< 



49219 



Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by 

C W. CHANCELLOR, M. D. 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 




PREFACE. 



Year by year the increasing necessity for a guide to 
the use of mineral waters has been felt by the public and 
especially visitors sojourning at the mineral springs of 
America. 

The fame these springs have attained as watering 
places, has not realized the anticipations of earlier years, 
simply because the therapeutic properties of the waters 
and the proper methods of their application, both inter- 
nally and externally, have been so little understood. 
When their effects are better understood, their reputation 
will increase from year to year, until they rival the 
famous watering places of England, Germany and 
France ; for, according to their chemical analysis, they 
should rank among the very best of their kind, an 
opinion upon which the best writers on mineral waters 
unanimously agree. 

At all European watering places the method of admin- 
istration of the waters, whether as Drink, as Baths, as 
Douches*, as Inhalations, or as Gargles, together with 
certain dietetic rules, claims the first attention, while in 
this country the waters are usually taken on chance and 
in the most reckless manner. This is a most deplorable 
mistake, which has often resulted in a total failure of the 
cure, as well as in loss of time and money. 



VI. 

To call attention to these matters, and to make visitors 
acquainted with everything that may be useful to know 
respecting them, as well as to give invalids who take the 
waters some dietetic hints, the observance of which is 
necessary, in order to derive full benefit from the waters 
is the motive which prompts the publication of this small 
volume. 

Each chapter will be found to form a complete essay 
in itself, based upon information acquired by close obser- 
vation, extensive research, and personal interviews with 
experienced physicians at most of the celebrated water- 
ing places in Europe. 

Wherever chronic disease is to be found, there must 
also exist a demand for a popular treatise on mineral 
waters ; and it is towards feeding such a demand that the 
author has ventured to contribute this work, trusting 
that it may not be received altogether without favor, 

Baltimore, May Jist, i88j. 



CONTEN1S. 



CHAPTER I. M 

i A . / & <M PiSE 

Antiquity of Mineral Waters. Their Source, Temperature, 
4 P Mineral Constituents, Phenomena and Laws. Kelation 

to the Organism, Therapeutic Value, &c, &c. 1 

CHAPTER II. 

Healing properties of Mineral Waters. Relative value of 
natural and artificial waters. Their peculiar effect and 
mode of action. Valuable in chronic diseases. Combina- 
tion of mineral elements. Vices of our social state. 
Water the best restorer of the body. Effect of tempera- 
ture. Importance of a strict diet. &c, &e. 10 

CHAPTER III. 

Location and Climate. Elevation. Meteorological conditions. 
Intermediate health resorts. Sub tropical climates. Warm 
clothing. Cool mornings and evenings. Light fogs and 
transparent atmospheres. Healthfulness of mountain cli- 
mates. Vegetation, Flora and Forests. Culture of the 
grape. Endemic and epidemic diseases, &c 19 

CHAPTER IV. 

Beginning of the ''season." Mid-summer. Average tempera- 
ture. Drinking and Bathing. Healing influence of min- 
eral waters. How to drink them. Absorption facilitated 
by exercise. External use of the waters. Full or cabinet 
baths. Temperature of bath. Baths in menstruation 
and pregnancy, Method of taking baths, &c. 30 



Vlll. 

CHAPTER V. 

Page 
Manner of life during the cure. Necessity for regularity. 
Exercise and amusements. Late hours. Precautions 
against taking cold. Simple and nourishing diet. Inter- 
vals between meals. Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. 
Spiritous liquors. Coffee. Important precaution during 
the cure. Precautions after the cure. The milk cure. 
The whey cure. 43 

CHAPTER VI. 

SEASIDE RESORTS. 

Sea Bathing as a therapeutic agent. The best season. Man- 
ner of taking sea baths. Precautions after bathing. A 
high surf to be avoided. The time for bathing. Chemical 
constituents of sea water. Its therapeutic action. Rules 
for sea bathing, &c. 57 

CHAPTER VII. 

DIETETICS. 

Mode of living. A sanitary rule. What to eat. Nitrogenous 
and non-nitrogenous food. Beverages. Dietetic rules. 
Synoptical tables of allowed and forbidden food. 65 

A brief description of the various Springs in the United States, 

with Analysis of their waters, alphabetically arranged. 121 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 



CHAPTER I. 

A ntiquity of Mineral Waters . Their Source, Temperat lire, Mineral 
Constituents, Phenomena and Laws. Relation to the Organs 
ism, Therapeutic Value, &c, &c. 

A For Centuries mineral waters have held a high_rank_ 

in the domain of Therapeutics/and their importance has 



continueS to increase until extensive depots for their 
sale have been established in all large cities. 

We give the name of "mineral waters" to those waters 
which receive their natural temperature, and solid and 
gaseous ingredients in a chemical and mechanical way 
in the depth of the earth, and being more or less min- 
eralized or warm can be employed as medical agents. 

A part of the water covering the surface of the globe 
is, principally by the aid of atmospheric temperature, 
reduced to vapor, which after rising so as to form clouds 
again descends as rain, snow, &c, and in this form is 
absorbed by the soil, and penetrating fissures and cliffs, 
ultimately accumulates in subterranean reservoirs until 
its quantity and the pressure of gases forces it again to 
rise to the surface of the earth, where it appears as "a ■ — - /3 
spring." 

The heat of the earth increases in a geometrical pro- 
portion with the depth penetrated, so that the depth of 



A 



2 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

a subterranean reservoir may be determined by the tem- 
perature of the water which flows fromjtVThe deeper 
the surface water penetrates into the earth, the hotter 
will be the strata w r ith which it comes into contactjand 
these strata impart their own temperature to the water 
which passes through or lies within them ; hence the high 
temperature of many springs. Considered approxima- 
tive^, water having a temperature of blood heat, 98° Fah, 
would have its reservoir at a depth of about 4,000 feet, 

The water receives its mineral constituents by becom^ 
ing first impregnated with the great quantity of carbonic 
acid contained in the earth, and being further supported 
by strong atmospheric counter-pressure, it is ultimately 
enabled to dissolve solid minerals existing in its course, 
both by mechanical and chemical action, and to retain 

j the dissolved salts which are kept in solution by the 

laid of carbonic acid gas. 

Among the mineral springs of Europe there are some, 
as Bath In England, Wilbad in Germany, Teplitz in 
Austria, Ragatz in Switzerland, and Evian and Divoune 
in France, in which the mineral elements are insignificant, 
and nevertheless their waters enjoy recognized medical 
properties, and claim a high place in hydrology. 

There are skeptics who, seeing the small quantity of 
mineral principles held in solution in the waters, deny 
their power ; but experience teaches us that they often 
act with great power and cannot be taken with impunity. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 3 

Dr. Garrigon has reported several deaths resulting from 
the free use of the waters of Aix ; and instances are not 
infrequent where invalids of a sanguine temperament 
have suffered severely from the* injudicious use of Carls- 
bad waters. An example is given by Dr. Kraus of an 
Englishman who persisted, against the advice of the 
physician, in drinking every morning the Sprudal water 
according to his own pleasure, and the imprudence was 
only too cruelly avenged by his death within nine days. 
The author has himself observed several cases of alarm- 
ing congestion of the brain and of the lungs following 
the too free use of the Greenbrier White Sulphur Waters 
in West Virginia. 

The organic principles existing in mineral waters, how- 
ever minute, undoubtedly influence, to a greater or less 
extent, their action upon the human organism ; their 
affinity for oxygen justifies the theory that they may act 
by deoxydising the blood. Electricity is believed also 
to play an important role in the action of mineral waters, 
but its action is not yet well understood. Both Erdmann 
and Gottl have discovered negative electro-magnetic cur- 
rents eminating from the warmer Carsbad Springs, but 
their precise influence upon the system has not been 
determined. 

But a more direct argument with which to meet those 
who deny the action of mineral waters, because they con- 
tain in solution so small a quantity of mineral principles, 



4 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

is the fact that the ordinary water which we commonly 
drink contains only an infinitesimal quantity of minerals, 
but, even in this minute quantity, Chossat has demon- 
strated that they exercise an important influence upon 
animal life. He nourished a pigeon with all the food that 
it could desire, but gave it only distilled or chemically pure 
water to drink — that is to say water deprived of every 
mineral principle — and at the end of a month the pigeon 
died of inanition, surrounded by every kind of food. 
Again, Boussingault has found that animals assimilate a 
greater quantity of phosphate of lime than exists in the 
food which they eat, and this excess can only be derived 
from the water which they drink. If then the mineral 
principles which exist in ordinary drinking water in the 
most infinitesimal quantity exerts such an important 
influence upon animal life, is it not evident that the same 
principles, when existing in an appreciable quantity, as 
is the case in mineral waters, will exert a still more power- 
ful influence upon the human organism ? 

Mineral waters often contain principles which cannot 
be detected by the ordinary analysis of a single gallon 
of water. By operating upon a large volume of water — » 
20 or 30 gallons— and by the aid of the spectroscope and 
the Bunsen flame, chemists have been enabled to discover 
in mineral w r aters some new metals as Caesium and Ru- 
bidium. By this process Dr. Garragan detected the 
presence of lithia, a comparatively new mineral prin- 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 5 

ciple, in the waters of Eaux-Bonnes, France; and it was 
only recently that Baron Thenard discovered arsenic in 
the waters of Mont-Dore, a discovery which at once 
served to explain, in a measure, the therapeutic effect of 
these waters in the treatment of acute and chronic tubur- 
culosis, in scrofula, granular laryngitis and various skin 
affections. The beneficial effects of certain waters in the 
treatment of gout, rheumatism and the different arthretic 
manifestations have also been explained by the aid of the 
spectroscope, in detecting in them large quantities of 
lithia, which Garard in England, Ruef in Germany, 
Lietrich in Austria and Charcot in France, affirm pos- 
sesses the power of dissolving and eliminating alkaline 
urates, and thereby contributes to overcome the uric 
acid diathesis and its manifestations. 

The human body is moreover richer in mineral prop- 
erties than is generally believed. It possesses even some 
of the metals which the miner seeks in the depths of the 
earth. We do not find, it is true, among the constituent 
elements of the body either gold or silver, but we find 
iron, lithia, manganese, and it is said lead and copper ; 
according to Lhote and Bergeron, the latter metal is found 
in the liver, the kidneys and the brain. We also find in 
the human body phosphorus, sulphur, silica, fluorine, 
potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium ; and if we 
add to these oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen we 
shall have a sufficiently long list of elements constituting 



6 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

the human body. But our blood also contains a whole 
series of mineral principles, as potassium, sodium, am- 
monium, carbonates and phosphates of lime, soda, mag- 
nesia, iron, &c. 

All these minerals are essential to the constitution of the 
organism. They are brought to us by food and drinks. 
They exist in the body in infinitesimal but necessary 
quantities. For example, iron enters into the composi- 
tion of the body in the most minute quantity, yet it is 
none the less indispensable to life : and the necessity for 
it, small as the quantity may be, serves to demonstrate 
the efficacious intervention of infinitely small things in 
the phenomina of life. If our regime were absolutely 
deprived of iron, the organism would soon suffer and 
finally perish. Even vegetables which grow in a soil 
that contains no trace of iron will soon be touched with 
a vegetable chlorosis. Prince Hortsmar demonstrated 
this fact by sowing seed in a soil deprived of iron. The 
result was a pale and sickly growth ; but the introduc- 
tion of a ferrugenous element into the soil caused the 
vegetable chlorosis, in due time, to disappear. As the 
means of investigation are perfected, we shall doubtless 
find that the list of metals contained in the tissues of the 
body, as well as dissolved in mineral waters will be in- 
creased. ■ 

We may pertinently ask whether certain maladies, the 
origin and existence of which are not fully comprehended, 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS 7 

do not coincide with the absence of certain metals in the 
human body? Chlorosis and anemia are coincident 
with the diminution of iron in the blood, goitre with the 
absence of iodine in the drinking water, and softening of 
the bones with the loss of calcarious matter. The same 
principle is applied in agriculture. We practice what 
the French call Vassolement, which consists in returning 
to the soil those elements of which it has been deprived 
by vegetation ; and so in therapeutics, we seek to impart 
to the system by the use of mineral waters, which are 
easily assimilated, certain principles which it may require. 

The relation existing between the human body and 
mineral waters did not escape the great Sydenham : — He 
said, in speaking of calybiate waters ; "They communi- 
cate their virtue, when taken internally, to the blood, 
and heal the sick more certainly and efficaciously than 
the most valuable preparations of iron prepared in the 
laboratory of the chemist." Dr. Bazin, the eminent pro- 
fessor of Dermatology in the Hospital St. Louis, Paris, 
held similar views in regard to the efficacy of Sulphur 
waters in the treatment of skin diseases. After having 
tried all the preparations of Sulphur, he recognized the 
fact that there was not one whose action could be placed 
in parallel with Sulphur water as a curative agent in these 
affections. 

It may be true, as is sometimes alleged, that mineral 
waters become a matter of fashion ; but if they are a 



8 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

fashion, it is simply because they constitute a complex 
remedy more efficaceous than any prepared by the phar- 
macist. For example, we will feel the physiological effects 
of twenty grains of iron absorbed from drinking a quan- 
tity of Chalybeate water, more than if ten times that 
amount were absorbed from taking pills. Why is this 
the case ? It is not alone because the iron contained in 
the mineral water is more easily absorbed, but it is also 
from the fact, that it receives the concurrent aid of all 
the other mineral elements associated with it, and which 
seem to multiply its action as the spool of the electro- 
multiplier augments the force of the electric current. 

Experience teaches us that the greater part of chronic 
ailments are more or less amenable to treatment by min- 
eral waters, and there are few constitutional maladies 
which they will not happily modify. They often ameli- 
orate with surprising rapidity the gouty, rheumatic, 
scrofulous, herpatic and syphilitic diathases. We learn 
also from experience that mineral waters are valuable in 
many acute affections, and they may be employed with 
advantage as a resolvent, alterative, sedative and restor- 
ative agent. In a word, they act upon the whole of the 
organism, giving it, as it were, " the spur" which stimu- 
lates the curative force to new effort. It is this multiple 
action which constitutes the therapeutic modality of 
of mineral waters, giving them a grand superiority over 
other remedies which have only a local action. It is not, 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 9 

therefore, without reason, that the great specialtists and 
eminent practitioners of Europe send their patients to 
mineral springs to be healed ; that Bazan of Paris sends 
his psoriasis to Royat ; that Hardy sends his herpes to 
St. Gervis ; that de Mussy sends certain affections of the 
chest to the arsenic waters of Mont-Dore ; that Calvo 
sends his syphilitics to the sulphur waters of Aix ; that 
Thompson of London sends his calculus and gouty 
patients to Marienbad and Pullna; that Garrett of Lon- 
don sends his rheumatic and malarial patients to Aix-la- 
Chappelle ; that Canettoli of Naples sends to Ischia the 
lymphatic and scrofulous. 

In beginning the treatment of an existing malady by 
mineral waters, the disease will at first generally appear 
to be aggravated ; the waters seem to make disorder of 
order, and act, as it were, in the manner of the infernal 
stone. At first they irritate, causing the malady to pass 
into a more acute stage, and then they heal. 



CHAPTER II. 

Healing properties of Mineral Waters. Relative value of natural 
and artificial waters. Their peculiar effect and mode of action . 
Valuable in chronic diseases. Combination of mineral ele- 
ments. Vices of our social state. Water the best restorer of 
the body. Effect of temperature. Importance of a strict 
diet, &c, &c. 

From olden times the healing power of mineral waters 
has enjoyed a high reputation in many diseases, espec- 
ially in disturbances of the digestive and nutritive sys- 
tem ; in glandular affections either simple or complicated; 
in diseases of the organs of the chest, so far as they can 
be influenced by curative agents ; in chronic and acute 
hepatic and renal diseases; in all forms of articular dis- 
ease resulting from rheumatism, gout, scrofula or me- 
chanical injuries; in congestive conditions of the nerve- 
centres, and their results, sciatica and other neuralgic 
pains ; in cutaneous diseases ; in the diseases peculiar to 
women, and in the various forms of septic poisoning. 

But it is not at all the same thing, that the patient 
expecting to be cured, considers mineral waters as a 
wonderful gift of God which only requires to be taken in 
good faith ; or that he sees in them only a remedy which 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS, II 

implies various obligation^ and attentions on his part, 
which, if carelessly taken, may either not benefit him at 
all, or perhaps even harm him. 

The question as to whether natural mineral waters 
possess so called latent or specific properties and advan- 
tages which are not possessed by artificial waters, has 
not been fully decided up to this time. But if among 
the thousands who annually visit mineral springs and 
judiciously use the waters, we see many recover, and 
others, whose complete recovery was doubtful from the 
beginning, partially restored to health, we must accord 
to the waters at least that consequence which other rem- 
edial agencies claim for themselves, and which, as a rule, 
have no better foundation or recommendation. 

Now, if we look for the causes of the peculiar and often 
surprising action of natural mineral waters, they are to be 
found in the fact that these waters are very compound 
remedies, and although the therapeutic action of the 
several component parts, such as the salts and gases, 
have been pretty closely studied, we have to deal here 
with the combined action of a great number of substances, 
which cannot be identical with the total of the separate 
action, because they partly assist and partly impede each 
other in their effect upon the organism. Prof. Niemeyer, 
one of the leading men of the medical profession in 
modern times, says : " The rule for every doctor to 
make his prescription as simple as possible does net apply 



12 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

where a laxative is prescribed whose use shall be con- 
tinued for months. Compounds of medical remedies do 
better service in stick cases than each one of these rem- 
edies alone T 

Thus we find that this combination of elements in min- 
eral waters, which produces an effect not to be obtained 
by the application of these elements separately, makes 
them remedies of inestimable value, especially in chronic 
diseases, where we can allow them to act upon the 
patient without disadvantage to his organism, and until 
we have gained the desired end. Perhaps the reason 
why they can be taken so long without detriment to the 
system is to be found in the circumstance, that in gene- 
ral they do not consist of any other elements than those 
contained already in the organism itself. At all events, 
there must be an existing sympathy, for we find, that 
while sufferers from chronic diseases in a short time take 
an aversion to most physic prescribed for them, on the 
contrary, with the protracted use of mineral waters the 
desire to drink them increases with their use, and with 
many patients it is indeed hard to repress. 

u Cessante causa, ccssat cjfectus" is a favorite maxim 
with all rational physicians, and has taught them their 
greatest success in the treatment of disease. It is this 
principle of attacking disease at the root, and thus re- 
moving its cause, w r hich should prevail in dealing with the 
victims of pernicious climates, and with the legion of 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 1 3 

those chronic disorders produced by the continued action 
of unhealthy local influences, as well as those sanitary de- 
rangements which may be considered as the result of a 
protracted and ill directed bodily and mental diet. 

The celebrated Dr. Dumoulin, on his death bed, said 
to his pupils who surrounded him : "I leave behind me 
three great physicians ; — Water, Exercise and Diet." It 
is these three therapeutic agents, which form the basis 
of all cures by mineral waters, and they derive their 
power from the principle on which they rest. Most phy» 
sicians incline to the opinion that the prevailing types of 
disease, which, at the present day, so strikingly manifest 
themselves in numerous nervous and gastric affections, 
accompanied by an impoverished condition of the blood, 
is but the natural resistance of the human organism to 
the growing exigences and consequences of an exagger- 
ated civilization. The fatigue of mind ; the over excite- 
ment of the nervous system, produced by individual and 
social influences ; a nourishment too exciting and little in 
harmony with the needs of the body ; a sedentary life 
and consequently a want of physical exercise are some 
of the vices of our social state which give rise to a crowd 
of chronic maladies, affecting more particularly the upper 
classes of society. Remedies which do not reform these 
abnormal conditions can only be considered as palliatives 
for certain morbid manifestations, and not as radical 
cures. Feeling then the need of reform, we must aban- 



14 A TREATISE OX MINERAL WATERS. 

don, in many cases, the arsenal of pharmacy and have 
recourse to other remedies. 

Pindar has said : " Water is the best remedy" This, 
from its simplicity and its natural relations to the physi- 
ological functions of the body, is particularly suited, 
when accompanied by a mode of life in conformity with 
the laws of nature, to restore the body to a normal con- 
dition. Of all material and immaterial healing-agencies 
none have been more highly prized by physicians, in all 
ages, than those which are able to produce that undis- 
turbed serenity of the mind so indispensable to the health 
and strength of the body. The latin maxim mens sano 
in corpore sano—^ healthy mind can dwell only in a 
healthy body,— will lose none of its force if we reverse 
the proposition and say : Only a healthy mind can keep 
the body healthy and vigorous. 

That which has been said in reference to water as a 
curative agent applies more particularly to mineral 
waters, to which nature, by the admixture of certain prin- 
ciples, has given certain valuable properties. If ordinary 
spring water is capable of exercising a salutary influence 
upon the body, by stimulating the pores of the skin and 
rendering the secretory system more active, it cannot be 
denied that in most cases the mineral principles super- 
added will add to the virtues of this element, not only by 
stimulating certain functions, but also by producing an 
alterative effect upon the system generally, but up to this 



A TREATISE OX MINERAL WATERS. 1 5 

time physico-chemical researches have given no results 
sufficiently exact to establish the manner of these altera- 
tions. It has been stated, in a general way, that altera- 
tions are produced in the organism by mineral waters, 
and that they reveal themselves to the judgment of the 
physician by the metamorphosis which they work in the 
phenomina of life. 

Next to the mineral principles, the temperature of the 
water constitutes an important factor. In each individ- 
ual case, it is important to discriminate as to the tem- 
perature of the mineral water to be used either internally 
or externally ; whether it is necessary to produce a 
greater amount of heat in the organism or to reduce the 
temperature in order to aid the functions of nutrition and 
elimination, and thereby restore the system to a normal, 
healthy condition. There is a certain class of cases, for 
example, affections of the mucous membranes, especially 
of the respiratory organs, in which warm mineral waters, 
whether applied internally or externally, will be found 
most efficacious. Every physician who is not ignorant 
of the functions of the skin and other organs of excretion 
and secretion, knows and can himself explain the happy 
influence of warm baths upon diseases of the interior 
organs. 

In the mineral water cures, as indeed in all cures, a 
strict regard to diet is of the greatest importance, and 
will contribute essentially to the success of the treatment. 
Celcus has said : " Optimum vera medzcamentum est 



1 6 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

opportune cibics datus" — a suitable regimen is the most 
efficacious remedy, In general, simple and easily digest- 
ed food, which nourishes the body without irritating it, 
is to be recommended in every mineral water cure ; but 
the regimen is to be modified according to circumstances, 
as the nature of the water, the disease, the temperament 
of the patient, &c. 

Exercise, that is to say a proper use of the physical 
forces, is in a majority of cases a powerful auxiliary in 
the treatment of disease by mineral waters ; but in as 
much as moderate exercise is salutary, so fatiguing or 
excessive exercise may become decidedly hurtful to per- 
sons of an irritable and nervous temperament. It is 
necessary also to give attention to the manner of clothing 
ones self, which ought to be regulated according to the 
temperature and the hour of the day, as well as the tern* 
perament, habits and disease of each person, 

The moral regime is of no less importance than the 
physical regime. Goethe said pleasantly: "Do you 
wish to know your first duty ?— It is to live joyfully and 
have no other study than to chase away ennui and dis- 
content/' He, who worried with care or devoured by 
passion, approaches the fountain of health, so beneficial 
to others, has nothing to expect. Let him remember 
the inscription of Antoninus on the public baths erected 
by him in Rome : " Go to this place free from care, that 
you may leave it free from sickness ; he who carries care 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 17 

with him is not healed here." 

It is necessary also to avoid, during the process of 
cure, fatiguing intellectual work. Such work exacts a 
sedentary life, which is necessarily prejudicial to health. 
An interesting play or lecture, provided it provokes no 
strong emotions, is an amusement as salutary as innocent. 
The man or woman capable of tasting the charms of 
society will scarcely want for it at a watering place ; for 
although the ideal life which one formerly led at these 
places has in a measure disappeared, they are never- 
theless united still by a reciprocal sympathy. 

A very important influence upon the mind and body 
is the surrounding landscape, and in this respect the 
springs and mountain resorts of America have found a 
very powerful ally to their action in the beautiful scenery 
which surrounds them. Situated usually in pleasant 
green valleys, in the immediate vicinity of well wooded 
hills, they enjoy not only the charms of a rich, well cul- 
tivated country, but also the presence of majestic moun- 
tain ranges, which not only gladden the eye, but also 
exert a favorable influence upon the climatic conditions, 
and afford abundant opportunities to the valetudinarian 
for invigorating exercise. 

Upon the Mosaic floor of the Elizabethen spring at 
Homburg is to be seen these words : "The Lord has 
created medicines out of the earth, and he that is wise 
will not abhor them." But let not the invalid think that 



1 8 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

he has done enough if he faithfully takes this medicine 
and considers himself dispensed from further bodily and 
mental diet ; he must remember that a careful observance 
of other matters is absolutely necessary for him, if the 
waters are really to become a healing medicine to him. 
The latent mystery of the water will be greatly aided by 
proper diet, heathful exercise, pure air and reliable medi- 
cal advice. 

But neither the best climate, nor any other condition 
can guarantee restoration to that health the patient seeks 
far from his own home, unless he keeps the object of his 
sojourn at the springs ever before his eyes. Recupera- 
tion, recovery from illness, warding off threatening 
disease, can only be ensured by his own watchful care. 
More emphatic when applied to health, than in any other 
case are the winged words : ' " Man is master of his fate, 
its preservation, its promotion and its recovery." With- 
out due attention to the rules of a healthy life, hopeful 
treatment of chronic disease is a chimera, hence the most 
absolute directions must be given and rightly enforced. 
And herein lies the explanation of the assertion that the 
most diversely situated climatic resorts have gained rep- 
utations for themselves, though among these are some 
of which it could scarcely have been predicted that they 
would become winter resorts. Far less can we declare 
that any amelioration which may occur is the effect of the 
place, rather than the regular and strict life of the patient 
and the careful direction to which he submits himself. 



CHARTER III. 

Location and Climate. Elevation. Meteorological conditions. 
Intermediate health resorts. Sub-tropical climates. Warm 
clothing. Cool mornings and evenings. Light fogs and 
transparent atmospheres. Healthfulness of mountain climates. 
Vegetation, Flora and Forests. Culture of the grape. En- 
demic and epidemic diseases, &c. 

The mineral springs of America owe the high rank 
which they hold among watering places, not alone to the 
remarkable effects of their mineral waters, but also to 
their favorable situation and good climate, which have 
contributed not a little to their fame as health resorts. 

These springs lie mostly in the valleys of richly wood- 
ed mountain chains, from the foot of which come forth 
their famous waters. These mountain ranges attain a 
hight of from 1,000 to 3,500 feet above the level of the 
sea, and thrust out in every direction protecting spurs 
which surround the country in unbroken chains. In har- 
mony with such local influences the valleys of the various 
springs are for the most part warm and sheltered, so that 
spring commences early and the autums are usually long 
continued, while the heat of summer is at no time oppres- 
sive ; the thermometor rarely attaining, in the middle of 
the day, a higher degree than 85 Fah., while at night 
cool strata of air descend from the mountain hights into 
the valleys, affording a refreshing temperature for sleep. 



20 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Cold winds are rarely felt, die disposidon of die moun- 
tain ranges being such as to turn them aside ; but gently 
as the local winds usually blow, their beneficial influence is 
very great, inasmuch as they constantly bring fresh sup- 
plies of pure air and thus maintain the atmosphere in a 
healthy state. 

The moisture of the air and the atmospheric deposits 
are important in a climatic relation. The summer rains 
are usually from the South and West, but the clouds in 
their long journey have lost a great deal of their moisture 
before entering the valleys and they find no opportunity 
to prolong their sojourn among the mountains, but quick- 
ly pass over; and the geological formation — strongly 
fissured slate — is such as to permit of the ready percola- 
tion of the water that falls. Under these circumstances 
no surprise will be felt that the soil is characterized by 
dryness. Wet roads and soaking grounds are rarely 
experienced in the summer season. It is also worthy of 
observation that the atmospheric pressure in the moun- 
tains is usually very low, not coinciding by any means 
with the pressure which might be expected when the 
elevation above the sea is taken into consideration. 

The above data renders it quite apparent that, climat^ 
ically regarded, the American Springs are highly favored, 
while their meteorological conditions, consequent upon 
situation and surroundings, are certainly of a peculiarly 
favorable nature. The prevalence of West and South 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 21 

currents, the moderate wind pressure, the insignificance 
of local winds and the uniformity of temperature all con- 
duce to maintain a relatively mild and dry atmosphere. 

The merit of a climatic resort is not determined solely 
by temperature. It is well known that those suffering 
from Chest affections must primarily consider the influ- 
ence of weather. Disturbances of the respiratory organs 
are chiefly brought about by atmospheric influences, 
precisely as dietetic faults produce disorders of the diges- 
tive functions. We can adduce instances enough of per- 
fect cures having resulted from a sojourn at winter re- 
sorts with the most variable climates— warm, cold or 
moderate. The cool air of a summer resort is more 
grateful to a sufferer from lung disease than are hot, 
oppressive atmospheres. Hence, it is quite certain that 
a specially high temperature is not the active agent, the 
resolvent factor in chest diseases. For persons with other 
ailments, and for such as seek rest and refreshment, a 
higher temperature is still less important and may even 
be undesirable. The determining reason must be sought 
in the origin of the disease, and this more especially in 
chronic cases. Warmth is very rarely the agent which 
will be the most active in uprooting the evil and its 
consequences. 

As an intermediate resort, many of the American 
springs could with proper arrangements for maintaining 
a uniform temperature within doors, be made most de- 



22 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

sirable, whether as an autumn resting place between 
northerly and southerly regions, or vice versa, after 
a winter residence in warm climates. To some patients 
afflicted with far advanced pulmonary disease they may 
not be suitable, should they not prefer to remain in the 
loving care of their families, as they most certainly 
should do. But to such as are compelled to leave their 
homes in the early fall, a sudden transplanting to the 
enervating South might not be without evil effects; and 
it would be difficult to find a resort which would better 
prepare them for their winter quarters than could be 
found at many of the springs in the middle and south- 
ern states. 

In spring, when the quick rise of southern tempera- 
ture hurries the departure of the patient, and northern 
regions are yet too cold, these intermediate localities 
offer almost the identical climatic conditions required. 
After a short stay at one of these mountain resorts, the 
cooler native air is borne without inconvenience, and 
invalids visiting or returning from southern resorts could 
not find a more favorable climate than the mountains of 
Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and 
Kentucky. 

Winter arrangements are not difficult to make, and 
there can be no doubt when made w r ould well repay the 
outlay ; for many of these springs may fairly lay claim 
to high rank as intermediate resorts, and would without 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 2$ 

doubt command a large patronage for at least nine 
months in the year. 

It is true that here, as in all temperate zones, sudden 
changes will occur ; for it is only in the tropics that the 
seasons maintain their uniformity of character. In sub- 
tropical regions a uniform temperature is not to be ex- 
pected. Every district in the temperate zone must 
participate in the variations that occur, and share the 
fate from time to time of other extolled resorts, which 
however favorably situated, may, in certain years find 
themselves worse off than their rivals. Do we not find 
that climatic resorts in the Alps and in southern Europe 
have their colder seasons and often extraordinarily low 
temperatures during the winter?* And all the more 
sensative to such changes is the visitor, in as much as 
his summer sojourn has rendered him susceptible to 
cold, and the houses intended only for warm weather, 
are illy adapted for comfort when the thermometer falls 
below 6o° Fah, 

If the situation and physical characters of a place are 
favorable, if a medium average with regard to warmth, 
moisture, winds, &c, is attained, a high place must be 
assigned it in the scale of health resorts. 

Taking everything into consideration the air of these 
resorts may be characterized as a dry, pure, bracing and 

^During the author's stay in Europe in the winter of 1882-83, 
heavy snow storms prevailed in central Europe, in the South of 
France, in Turin, Florence, Rome, Naples and even Madrid. 



24 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

strengthening mountain air, which by increasing and 
accelerating organic changes, improves the blood and 
promotes the nourishment of the body, thereby acting as 
a powerful auxiliary to the mineral waters themselves. 

The remark, that "the action of mineral waters is 
greatly enhanced by drinking them at the source/' is not 
entirely based upon the circumstance, that the waters 
when shipped to a distance lose any of their healing 
powers, but it is easily explained if we consider that here 
climate and water combine in their actions, so that the 
suffering patient may undoubtedly expect a better result 
if he drinks the water at the spring. 

It has been stated above, that the temperature at 
most American springs is on an average of medium 
warmth and pretty uniform during the summer; but 
rapid changes do sometimes occur, for which reason the 
visitor should always come provided with warm clothing 
for an emergency. To this may be added, that even 
during the hottest days of June, July and August, the 
mornings and evenings are comparatively cool. 

While there are no regular rainy months at these resorts, 
yet a few rainy days sometimes occur in one month, 
sometimes in another, bnt these rains are very rarely 
lasting, and the moisture produced by them quickly dis, 
appears. Heavy fogs are not often experienced during 
the summer months, but irequendy a thin vapory veil is 
seen ascending the mountains, which gives to thirsty 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 25 

vegetation the moisture necessary for luxuriant growth. 
Late in the autumn, however, it is not unusual to observe 
fogs during the early morning hours, which either de- 
scend as dew or are quickly dissolved by the rising sun. 
The months of September, October and often November 
are frequently the most agreeable of the w^hole year, and 
the cool, clear and dry days, the particularly clear and 
transparent atmosphere, the autumnal woods with their 
variegated foliage, all combine to render this the most 
pleasant period of the year ; — a season which has been 
celebrated in poetry and prose, under the name of 
14 Indian Summer." 

Winter here as elsewhere, brings bad weather in its 
train, but the atmosphere, even in mid- winter, retains a 
peculiar dryness, so that even during long continued cold 
its bracing action may be felt ; and nothing can better 
exhibit the excellence of the climate than the plentitude 
of its blessings as exhibited in the health statistics. Dis- 
eases peculiar to other localities are of rare occurrence 
here. Intermittent Fever is unknown, unless it be of im- 
ported origin. Typhoid Fever, which now and then 
prevails in the mountains, is always traceable to viola- 
tions of the simplest and most obvious law r s of hygiene ; 
but even this disease has notably diminished since the 
inhabitants have brought to bear a reasonable amount of 
care in promoting and preserving a favorable sanitary 
state. Among the poorer classes even, scrofulous affec- 



26 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS, 

tions are infrequent and generally attributable to impro- 
per food rather than atmospheric influences. It is a 
notable fact that inflamatory affections do not frequently 
occur in the severe seasons of the year, nor are they 
often of any intensity when they do crop out. It is true 
that simple catarrhs frequently occur, but severe inflam- 
mations very rarely. Rheumatic Fever may also be 
classed as comparatively rare, while neuralgias are of 
more frequent occurrence. The like statements apply to 
infantile complaints, instances of inflammatory croup 
being less frequent than in the low lands, 

We must not fail, as connected with the subject of cli- 
mate, to glance at the vegetation which abounds in the 
mountain regions of America. There is no better crite- 
rion to judge of the condition of the climate and the con= 
dition of the soil of a locality than by the observation of 
its plants. Without motion and fixed to the spot which 
contains the conditions of their origin and their further 
development, the children of Flora live their dreamy 
life, and are for the observer mute yet eloquent witnesses 
of occurences which exert their unfailing influences upon 
the welfare of mankind. Luxuriant and full of vitality, 
they fulfill under favorable conditions their entire func- 
tions, that is, they germinate and grow, they bloom and 
ripen their fruit, and die as soon as the task of their lives 
is accomplished. 

If all the conditions favorable for their existence are 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 27 

not united, the latter is not necessarily endangered, but 
then they will only develop those vegetable organs 
which are absolutey necessary for their existence. Such 
is the case with many cryptogams which form roots, 
branches, twigs and leaves, but neither flowers nor fruit. 
If these scanty conditions of life should be altogether 
wanting, the possibility of the continued existence of the 
plant is entirely removed, and it disappears from that part 
of the country; but through this disappearance it becomes 
as interesting to the observer as its blooming sisters, 
which by their presence tell him of the conditions neces- 
sary for their existence. 

"The soil," says Prof. Hoffman, "exhibits to a certain 
degree its entire interior in the plants which cover it j 
peat betrays itself by peculiar plants which only grow 
here in large quantities and in perfection. Swamps which 
contain salt are recognized by certain plants which are 
nowhere found except on the sea shore. An exact 
knowledge of these conditions is even of a certain practi- 
cal value; it furnishes hints for the culture of newly 
cleared tracks, it gives information on the condition and 
the intrinsic value of the ground;" and, it may be added, 
often very clearly characterizes the climate prevailing 
in a certain country. 

In addition to the Flora, these mountains are cov s 
ered with fragrant and luxuriant forests which produce 
in summer an agreeable coolness, while in winter they 



28 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

diffuse an apparent warmth. They consist of sev- 
eral kinds of oak, chestnut, maple and a variety of 
soft woods. Pines also cover considerable districts in 
the valleys and perfume the air with their balsamic odors, 
at the same time impregnating it w r ith ozone or peroxide 
of hydrogen, rendering it more salubrious. 

These forests abound in game, which, during the hot 
season, retires more into the depths of the mountains, 
while in winter, especially when there is a good deal of 
snow, it descends into the valleys where it chiefly seeks 
shelter from the warm pine woods, generally avoiding 
exposed districts. The valleys are interspersed with 
lovely meadows and are traversed by limpid mountain 
brooks which abound in a variety of fish, especially 
trout and bass, affording fine sport for anglers. The 
luxuriant and charming vegetation of the valleys and 
hills, chiefly ferns and mosses, impart freshness to the 
scenery around, and amusement and instruction to the 
admirer of nature. 

Although the culture of the grape is not generally car- 
ried on in these sections, still many vines may be seen 
en trellis-work in gardens, as well as on the sides of many 
hills, where their fruit ripens in considerable quantities. 

The theoretical supposition that the condition of the 
soil, the water and the climate as detailed above can 
neither be a source of epidemic nor endemic diseases, is 
fully confirmed by experience. The entire absence of 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 29 

swamps and stagnant waters prevents the forma- 
tion of malaria, so that, as above stated, intermittent 
fevers, as well as other diseases of malarial origin, rarely, 
if ever, originate in these sections of the country. The 
low state of the underground water, the extraordinarily 
trifBing variations of its surface, as well as the heavy 
and impermeable layer of earth spread over it, the entire 
cleanliness of the soil and the fresh mountain air, all 
combine to prevent the origin of epidemics of any kind. 
Of course there is no immunity for any place from dis- 
eases being introduced ; but we need scarcely mention 
here, that such accidents must be regarded as conse* 
quences of a general calamity and cannot be considered 
as essential factors in judging of the sanitary conditions 
of a place. Diseases thus introduced rarely spread, but 
are generally confined to a small circle, and pass off in a 
comparatively easy and light manner. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Beginning of the " season." Mid- summer. Average temperature. 
Drinking and bathing. Healing influence of mineral waters. 
How to drink them. Absorption facilitated by exercise. 
External use of the waters. Full or cabinet baths. Temper- 
ature of bath. Baths in menstruation and pregnancy. Method 
of taking baths, &c. 

The "season" at the American springs usually begins 
the ist of June ; but not a few patients select the month 
of May for a repetition of their "cure" after having, 
during a former course, made acquaintance with the cli- 
cnatic advantages, &c. During June the number of vis* 
itors increases rapidly and is frequently considerable, 
though July, August and September may be defined 
as "the season" par excellence ; but as the weather is 
Usually settled and pleasant in the early part of autumn, 
the season is often extended into October and even 
November. Very few particulars concerning the weather 
in autumn and spring can be given, and we must content 
ourselves by giving some data relating to summer. The 
Course of the summer temperature is tolerably uniform ; 
there being rarely any marked interruption to moderately 
warm days. The temperature in the evenings is usually 
mild and pleasant, but the coolness of the nights is per- 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 3 1 

ceptably felt, so that blankets are nearly always required. 
The pleasantest time in the summer is the early morning-, 
when the temperature is usually delightful. During the 
afternoon hours the shady grounds afford cool and re- 
freshing walks. The promenades in the grounds are 
generally shaded by avenues of trees and are kept fresh 
and cool by constant waterings. The hills and moun- 
tain sides in the vicinity of most of the springs are 
in all directions intersected by shady walks, and thus 
invite the visitor to more or less distant excursions. 

In addition to the above data the following will be 
found to be about the average temperature of the three 
summer months at the watering places of America. 

June. ' July. August. Summer. 

Mean Temp. 65. 68. 67. 66^. 

Formerly the use of the waters of most American 
springs was restricted to drinking, but now bathing is 
recognized as an important part of the course, and has 
of late years achieved a position of equal importance to 
that of taking the waters internally. Experience has 
shown that the internal use of the water is vastly aided 
by the baths in a majority of diseases — particularly in 
chronic rheumatism, gout and other articular affections. 

The restriction of the spheres of disease for which 
the waters of the various springs are indicated, has been 
considered and has always verged towards specializing, 
and thus certain classes, of disease have been assigned 



32 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

to certain springs, as coming within their salutary influ- 
ence in a more remarkable degree. It may be said once 
for all, that the healing influence of mineral waters does 
not proceed from any one principle, either of purgation, 
sedation, excitation or alteration, but from the combined 
influence of their constituents on the blood and upon local 
pathological processes. Absorbed into the blood, min- 
eral waters exercise a powerful influence in a variety of 
diseases based upon abnormal secretions, and while 
reducing further secretions they enable the organism to 
overcome the mass of secreted matter by natural absorp- 
tion, thereby reducing swellings of the joints, hypertro- 
phy of the organs and, generally, chronic inflammatory 
deposits of various characters. 

For the right application of mineral waters it is neces- 
sary to comprehend the exact nature of the complaint 
under which the patient is laboring, and the more 
thoroughly this is understood, the more easily will the 
right way be chosen. For this reason the invalid should 
always seek the advice of a physician to whom the dis- 
eases upon which the waters are supposed to exercise a 
salutary influence, have necessarily been a special study. 
The following suggestions, as to treatment, are . only 
intended to induce the patient to follow the directions 
of the physician more implicitly. But should he feel 
tempted to try the application without any such assist- 
ance, let him remember that the organism itself com= 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 33 

pletes the healing process by the amelioration of the dis- 
ease, and that the termination of a disease may be has- 
tened though a cure cannot be extorted from nature. 
Hence, a patient to whom the manner of the progress of 
the disease is unknown, and who is therefore unable of 
his own knowledge to regulate his course of life, should, 
if the treatment is to be successful, neither carry it too 
far in one direction nor neglect it in another. The one 
object to be kept in view is the permanent restoration to 
health. 

As to the choice of the spring, that must depend upon 
the nature of the disease, the idiosyncrasies of the patient, 
&c. In diseases where warmth exerts a soothing influ- 
ence, as in stomach affections, in chronic diarrhoea and in 
chest affections, there can be no question that it is often 
desirable to bring the water to the temperature of the 
stomach, which is about 98 Fah., and this may best be 
accomplished, where the water is below that degree of 
heat, by adding hot water or, preferably, in many 
instances, hot milk. By the addition of hot water or hot 
milk, the chemical constituents of the waters undergo 
no change, and none of their healing virtues are sacrificed. 
But the most suitable temperature is generally the 
natural temperature of the water, and it is therefore the 
simplest plan to obtain the desired portion directly from 
the spring. 

Of the water from the spring, a certain quantity — -half 



34 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

glass — may be drank in small draughts at intervals of 
twenty or thirty minutes ; thus the stomach is not over- 
loaded and half an hour after the last glass the stomach 
will be ready for breakfast. A not- fatiguing walk facil- 
itates the absorption of the water. The choice of the 
spring, the quantity and temperature of the water, 
whether pure or mixed with milk, or goats-whey, must 
be settled by the physician according to the age, sex 
and condition of the patient. 

During the warm season the patient may begin to 
drink at 6 A. M. or even earlier, and continue until 
8 A. M. The water is taken before breakfast because 
this time is favorable to its absorption into the system, 
and if the stomach itself is affected the influence of the 
water is more marked. One or two glasses drank in 
draughts of half a glass at intervals of twenty or thirty 
minutes, in the morning, is quite sufficient, especially 
where the functions of the stomach are at all feeble. 
Should the water disturb digestion, or take away the 
appetite and thus interfere with the proper nourishment 
of the body, the quantity m'ust be reduced to half a 
glass before breakfast, in two draughts at an interval of 
thirty minutes. 

A repetition of the drinking from n to 12, and in the 
afternoon from 5 to 6 is sometimes to be recommended, 
generally where a minimum quantity of water is taken 
in the morning. Setting aside the fact that this proce- 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 35 

dure allows a reduction of the morning dose — to the 
advantage of the digestive organs — the effects attained 
are deeper and more permanent whilst the action is less 
exciting, than if larger quantities of the water are im- 
bibed and again rapidly ejected from the body in the 
morning hours. 

Between the times for drinking the water — that is the 
intervals of the doses — the patient should take a walk as 
far as his strength or the complaint from which he 
suffers will allow, and after the last draught he should 
w r alk at least twenty minutes or half an hour. Exercise 
not only facilitates the absorption of the waters, but is 
important to the re-establisment of health. Every 
watering place should be provided w r ith a glass enclosed 
colonnade, close to the spring and adapted for short 
strolls, in which the patient could exercise in bad 
weather, during the time which elapses between the 
various draughts of water. Very weak people can take 
the waters in their room until they feel stronger. 

In cold or rainy weather, or where the condition of 
the patient will not permit of his taking exercise, the 
w r ater may be taken in bed, mixed with warm milk or 
whey if desirable. In this way many cases are treated 
with exceptionally good results, especially cases of pain- 
ful menstruation w r here the pains are of a neuralgic or 
congestive character. 

If experience has taught us to modify the practice of 



36 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

earlier days with regard to the drink-cure, when it was 
not unusual among the Romans in the Twelfth Century 
to take the waters of Ems to the extent of twelve pints 
a day, we shall learn that the use of the bath has 
undergone yet more material changes. In olden days 
it was supposed that the real efficacy of the water de- 
pended upon the length of time the patient passed in the 
bath ; this time was systematically increased, so that the 
patient remained several, even four or five hours in the 
bath, repeated it daily, sometimes twice a day, as is yet 
the custom at some of the watering places in lofty Alpine 
regions. In most of the bathing places in Europe, 
however, a modified treatment has become law, and 
may be said to be the sole guarantee for ensuring the 
happy results hoped for by physician and patient. 

Full and Douche baths are those most frequently 
used. Vapour baths and compresses of mineral water 
are less frequently applied, and before using these the 
invalid should always have special advice. 

The effect and good results of full baths depend in a 
high degree upon the temperature of the water. The 
patient should therefore be careful to ascertain that the 
water has the proper degree of heat, for the warm bath 
may have different effects determined by the tempera- 
ture of the skin, which is usually about 95 Fah. If 
the water of the bath exceeds this temperature, heat is 
conveyed to the body, the heat of which is increased in 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 37 

proportion to the warmth of the water ; whereas on the 
contrary, water at 90 to 95 Fah., exercises the soothing 
and curative influence of the bath without creating any 
injurious excitement. Since rheumatic patients with 
irritation or inflammation of the joints, and patients 
suffering from nervous affections of the most diverse 
character, form a great part of those who use the 
bath cure, the irritability of the one and the sensitive- 
ness and weakness of the other class render it necessary 
that the baths should have only a moderate amount of 
heat. But as the heat of the body varies in different 
individuals according to temperament, age and physical 
condition, the temperature of the baths should also vary, 
A bath which produces an agreeable sensation of warmth 
in one individual will occasion rigors in another; it is, 
therefore, necessary to decide in each individual case, 
according to the sensibility of the patient, what a proper 
temperature will be. Taking the heat of the body, 98 
Fah., as a basis, we divide baths into the hot bath, of which 
the temperature varies from 98 to 104 Fah. ; into the 
warm bath of which the temperature varies from 95 to 
98 Fah.; and into the tepid bath, of which the tempera- 
ture varies from 85 to 95 ° Fah. 

Baths above the temperature of 98 Fah. should 
rarely be used, since they are apt to produce prostra- 
tion and faintness, and to irritate the skin to the extent 
cf causing an eruption, which the French call efflores- 



38 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

cence de bain. Many persons also experience fullness 
about the head and even vertigo as an effect of the hot 
bath. 

During the period of menstruation the use of the 
baths should generally be discontinued from five to ten 
days ; but in exceptional cases, where the flow is too 
little or accompanied by severe pain, the baths may be 
continued and are often found to be soothing and effica- 
cious. In such cases, however, the propriety of using 
them should be determined by the physician. 

As to women who are ehceie?ite, the custom is not to 
bathe daily, but at intervals of a few days, unless contra 
indicated by some peculiarity or idiosyncrasy of the 
patient. Judiciously administered, the baths are found 
to be not only harmless, but often contribute to main- 
tain pregnancy without accident to the full period of 
gestation. The contrary effect, however, is apt to be 
produced by the drinking of mineral waters. Their in- 
ternal use may easily lead to trouble, and should only 
be permitted in exceptional cases and then with the ex- 
ercise of great caution. Indeed, caute et pnidente is a 
wise maxim which should be constantly borne in mind 
by invalids who use mineral waters either internally or 
externally, as they are potential for evil as well as good 
results, and, if injudiciously applied, may increase the 
malady instead of ameliorating it. 

The next point for consideration is the length of time 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS 39 

the patient should remain in the bath, and the order in 
which he should take them. In most cases the first 
bath may last for ten to fifteen minutes. During the 
next few days the length of time may be increased to 
twenty minutes, and then, if the effect is not found to be 
debilitating, the time may be prolonged to half or even 
three quarters of an hour; but twenty minutes will gen- 
erally be found sufficient, and a bath of longer duration 
than thirty minutes, far from producing any beneficial 
result, may debilitate the patient and retard recovery. 

Absolute repose in the bath is not essential, except in 
the case of very delicate persons. On the contrary, 
slight movement, such as gentle rubbing of the body, is 
not only admissible but even desirable. At the Euro- 
pean baths it is customary to go to bed immediately 
after bathing, and remain quiet for half to three quarters 
of an hour. When we consider the effects of a bath 
this practice would seem to be a very wise one. Repose 
in bed with suitable covering is the very act by which 
the beneficial influence of the bath is brought to a 
climax, and every neglect of the rule will prejudice the 
result. In thus proceeding the intention is not, as might 
b? supposed, to put the patient into a perspiration, but 
to continue the soothing effect of the bath and its revul- 
sive influence upon the skin. 

Baths may be taken in the morning when fasting, 
(after drinking a glass of the mineral water) or from 



4° A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

three to four hours after an ordinary meat breakfast. 
Patients suffering from debility should not bathe when 
fasting, but it»would do well to take the bath from one 
and a half to two hours after a simple breakfast of coffee 
and bread. 

In conclusion, it may be well to add that much must 
always be left to the discretion of the medical man, and 
this irrespective of the demands which the various 
diseases make upon the patient. To this category be- 
longs, for instance, friction with brushes, &c, a process 
which should not be conducted without a clear percep- 
tion of its uses. 

The powerful effect upon the body of Douche Baths 
limits their application to a certain class of diseases. 
Water of a somewhat higher temperature than the ordi- 
nary bath is generally used. The cabinet bath is first 
completed and then the douche is applied, while the 
patient is setting on a chair or reclining on a canvas 
bed. The strength or force of the douche is the main 
point. It must be strong when it is desirable to produce 
irritation, especially in the case of painless secretions or 
enlargements in the external portions of the body. At 
Aix-les-Bains in Savoy, and Aix-la-Chappelle in 
Germany, where these baths are now so well managed 
and appreciated, some of the douches are very power- 
ful, the pressure rising as high as twenty feet. The 
stream of water can also be made thicker or smaller as 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 4 1 

may be required. In cases of nervous disease — or for 
strengthening the nervous system generally — when a 
less powerful stream must be applied, this can be attained 
by the use of what is known as the rain douche, or 
simply by turning the stream obliquely upon the part 
requiring the douche. 

The douche lasts from five to eight minutes, or a 
shorter time when merely a gentle irritation is desirable. 
It is not generally necessary to take a douche bath 
every day — -nor indeed would such a thing often be 
practicable. In the case of a strong hot douche bath 
the skin does not soon recover from the effect, and the 
irritation of the part should always have passed away 
before the douche is repeated. Hence it is absolutely 
necessary that after each application of the douche 
more complete repose should be allowed the body than 
is called for after the ordinary cabinet bath. 

The duration of the course can only be estimated by 
the 1-esult, and this is generally determined by the nature 
of the disease under treatment. From three to six 
weeks is considered the average time for the completion 
of the cure in ordinary cases, but in tedious, deeply- 
Seated complaints, such as are usually found at health 
resorts, a dure may not be looked for in less than sixty 
or ninety days. 

As a preparation to the douching process, invalids 
are advised to begin the cure by a few cabinet baths of 



42 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

the temperature of 95 ° Fall., which are to be rendered 
more soothing by the addition of one or two pounds of 
starch. This last method is used for reducing nervous 
or muscular irritability, for mitigating pain, and for 
calming cerebral excitement, as well as for modifying 
the effects of the douche. Full baths often increase rheu- 
matic pains, while the douche alleviates them ; but taken 
alternately the effect is often found to be most salutary. 
Swimming Baths differ from the ordinary warm baths 
only in this, that they are taken in a larger body of water, 
combined, however, with the immense benefit which the 
patient derives from the motion and exercise allowed 
by the larger space. This is a form of bath which was 
highly esteemed by the ancients, and at the present time 
it is used as a powerful means of alleviating many dis- 
eases. The swimming baths of Aix-les-Bains have 
been recommended by eminent orthopedists as one of 
the best remedies for weakness of the osseous system. 
They are said to have effected remarkable cures in cases 
of rickets and scrofula, as well as in affections resulting 
from rapid growth, debility andsuxual excesses. Com- 
bined with cold shower baths, they have been found 
efficacious in certain hysterical, uterine and nervous 
disorders. 



CHAPTER V. 

Manner of life during the cure. Necessity for regularity. Exercise 
and amusements. Late hours. Precautions against taking 
cold. Simple and nourishing diet. Intervals between meals. 
Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Spiritous liquors. Coffee. 
Important precaution during the cure. Precautions after the 
cure. The milk cure. The whey cure, &c. 

According to the inscription over the Baths of Anto- 
ninus in ancient Rome, already alluded to, complete 
surrender of self to the object in view, namely, restoration 
to health, can alone secure success. Bathing in and 
drinking the waters cannot effect a cure if the diet and 
method of life, and even the amusements, are at varience 
one with another. 

The more regular the plan of life, the less likely is it 
that the cure will be interrupted. As we said before, 
breakfast or the bath, with the hour for repose, follows 
the water drinking. In wet weather the remainder of 
the morning should be spent at home, but when the day 
is fine, a walk in the shady promenades may be taken 
before dinner. , The time of the dinner hour is of little 
importance and can be determined according to custom. 
The warmer hours of the afternoon are most agreeably 
passed in the open air in pleasant society; but the patient 



44 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

should not omit to take more exercise before supper, 
which must not be eaten too late, lest it should interfere 
with the night's rest. The object of the walk is to stimu- 
late the appetite and strengthen the body. 

As more drinking at 5 P. M. is often prescribed, the 
exercise accompanying the draught is a good prelude to 
the walk which may gradually be extended and even, 
under certain circumstances, renewed after the meal. 
The evening again may be devoted to amusements, the 
patient, however, must always carefully avoid whatever 
may be injurious to him. It will be well to mention 
particularly that it is unwise to remain too late in the 
open air. The bather, whose skin necessarily grows 
more and more sensative, must be on his guard on these 
occasions. Late hours should be avoided. The old 
adage, that sleep before mid-night is the most refresh- 
ing, probably originated in the periodical changes which 
the body undergoes. 

The numerous avenues and grounds, the walks which 
stretch out far into the woods, and the well cared for 
foot paths, found at most American watering places 
afford many opportunities for strolls, and the method- 
ical use of this powerful auxiliary to the " cure," 
will be found to bear good fruit. The number and 
variety of picturesque points in the vicinitv of these 
resorts suggest inviting excursions, and even those who 
come as patients will scarcely fail to profit by occasion- 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 45 

ally visiting these places ; though it is advisable to devote 
the earlier part of the stay to the "cure," — to the allevia- 
tion of suffering — and on'y undertake extended excur- 
sions when convalescent. 

It is impossible to impress too strongly upon the 
patient the necessity of guarding against taking fresh 
cold. This is very apparent when we have before our 
eyes numerous patients afflicted with rheumatism and 
nervous pains, who seek relief in the use of the waters. 
Two things there are which, as already stated, must be 
carefully guarded against whilst applying mineral waters, 
namely, the excessive 7ise of them, especially by bathing, 
which renders the body particularly susceptible to cold 
and is frequently the cause of failure in the treatment. 
The effect of baths taken even at a moderate tempera- 
ture is to render the skin more susceptible, hence' the 
patient himself is often responsible for the appearance 
of fresh pains induced by incautiousness, Again, 
patients should guard against over-sensitiveness ; while 
the clothing should at all times be comfortably warm, 
too warm clothing will predispose to chill. The 
sleeping room should always be well ventilated, and if 
the night is warm a window may be left open, due care 
being taken to avoid draughts. On cool damp days, or 
towards evening, or when a fresh breeze is stirring, or 
when sitting in the open air, or taking a short railway 
journey, or after the bath when the patient does not 



46 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

betake himself to bed, but lies upon a sofa without the 
requisite amount of covering, it is on such and similar 
occasions that cold is most easily taken. 

Constitutional conditions must regulate the Diet, as 
they must the entire life of the patient and the applica- 
tion of the water. No mineral water, whatsoever it be, 
can in itself determine the kind of food to be taken. 
Secondary considerations, which generally originate 
in a conventional method of applying the waters, may 
now and then be admissible, but should never be arbitra- 
rily decisive. The diet should be always nourishing, 
and it is best when simplest. Nature herself under all 
circumstances completes the cure. If the organism is to 
be in a position to restore the interrupted balance of 
health, its energy must not be permitted to flag for want 
of proper and nourishing food. The desire for food is 
generally increased, but as the main object of the use of 
the waters is not indulgence, but restoration to health, 
reason must regulate the diet ! 

No less important is it — or rather it is of still greater 

importance— that there should be a considerable interval 

between each meal. Accurate observation proves that the 

stomach requires from four to five hours to digest the 

quantity of food eaten at a moderate meal, and during 

* 
this process the stomach remains for a time, as it were, 

in a diseased condition, which may be compared to a 

slight inflammation. It is only after the lapse of five or 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 47 

six hours that it resumes its ordinary healthy condition. 
Three meals during the course of the day are, therefore, 
quite sufficient; but this is a matter which must be decid- 
ed by the state of the patient. 

Breakfast should consist of dishes of the same kind 
as those which the patient has been accustomed to before 
his arrival ; a substantial meal — dejeuner a la forcheite 
of the French — is often found to be very advantageous. 
In all cases of irritation, in diseases of the chest and 
complaints of the kidneys, etc., the food should be 
very simple. 

Dinner must be regulated by the condition of the 
patient; he should be careful not to overload the 
stomach, nor should he eat any great variety of food at 
any one meal. In doubtful cases it is better to abstain 
for the time and then apply to the physician for advice. 

It would perhaps be as well to mention that sweet 
dishes, fruit, &c, must be taken with the greatest cau- 
tion. Anything of a very cold nature is most injurious, 
such as cold beer, iced water, and — worst of all — ices. 

Spiritous liquors of good quality when taken in mod- 
eration do not in any way diminish the effects of mineral 
waters ; indeed they often serve as a stimulus to the 
system. 

It has become a common custom to take coffee in the 
afternoon or after dinner. It is perhaps beneficial to 
those who are accustomed to it, as well as to those who 



48 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

have partaken of a luxurious meal. But the ingredi- 
ents contained in coffee, viz : theine, empyromatic oil 
and tannin, generally impede digestion. 

The nature of the patient's supper should be deter- 
mined by his sleep. Hours of rest are not to be 
devoted to such physical labor as digestion, which is 
unnaturally retarded during slumber. 

The process of digestion should therefore be ended 
before sleep begins ; hence it follows that supper should 
be light and taken early, or, under certain circum- 
stances, omitted altogether. 

Under all circumstances the invalid should learn to 
look upon a regular diet, and simple life as the founda- 
tion of health as well as' the safest method of overcom- 
ing disease. 

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSEVED BY INVALIDS. 

The usual seasons for making use of mineral waters 
are the spring, summer and autumn ; in very chronic 
cases they may be continued through the entire winter, 
but are only to be taken when the weather is fine and 
admits of active exercise in the open air. 

Whether mineral water is employed internally by 
drinking or externally by bathing, the appearance of 
menstruation in women exacts a modification of its use. 
In the greater number of cases it is well to diminish the 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 49 

quantity of water drank, but it rarely happens that one 
is obliged to stop its use entirely. 

It frequently happens that constipation is experienced, 
generally at the commencement of the cure, which may 
be corrected by a little Glaubers salts taken in half a 
glass or a glass of the water before breakfast. Usually 
one or two doses will cause the constipation to disap= 
pear. 

If during the cure, it happens that a congestion of 
the lungs manifests itself by the spitting of blood, the 
baths must be absolutely dispensed with, and the internal 
use of the water modified. Those predisposed to this 
affection should always use mineral waters with great 
caution. Where symptoms of inflammation of the 
lungs or violent pain in the side, accompanied by fever 
and oppression in breathing exist, the use of the waters 
should be immediately stopped. 

In severe acute catarrh or " bad cold " one should, 
from the beginning of the trouble, cease to take the 
baths, and drink less of the water. The internal use of 
the water is also to be forbidden during the existence 
of diarrhoea, and the bath should be taken less fre- 
quently. The same recommendations apply in cases 
of indigestion. 

It very often occurs that warm mineral baths will 
augment or produce pains in gouty or rheumatic 
subjects. These are to be considered as the eruption 



50 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

of a pre-existing disease which may have been for some 
time latent in the system, and consequently the use of 
the waters should be continued, as where the disease is 
openly manifested. 

In all cases invalids are strongly recommended before 
commencing a course of waters, to consult a physician 
who understands the mode of their application, for some 
preliminary treatment is generally required, and the 
action of the waters being often very powerful, it must 
be carefully looked after. 

It cannot be too often repeated that invalids should 
avoid great bodily or mental fatigue. They should 
seek diversions the most suited to their taste and indulge 
in them with prudence. They should wear warm but 
light clothing, preferably woollen, 

The invalid should avoid bringing on too free perspi- 
ration. Perspiration is only beneficial when propor- 
tioned to the patient's bodily strength. In fact the 
patient should place all his reliance on the slow and 
progressive modification of the constitution, which 
always results from a well-directed water treatment. 
He should beware of listening to those counsellors 
who, knowing nothing of medicine, do not take into 
consideration the age, constitution or any morbid state 
which the patient may have, and so cause the malady 
to become more intractable through their officious inter- 
meddling. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 5! 

Patients who are very delicate and sensitive to cold 
will do well in not allowing the hair to be wetted in the 
bath ; they may thus prevent cold, earache and tooth- 
ache. 

The patient must be very careful not to allow himself 
to go to sleep in the bath ; if after it, however, he feels 
sleepy, he may consider it a sign that a sedative action 
On the nervous system is taking place and that the 
bodily functions are returning to a state of equilibrium. 
This is the basis of all remedial agencies. 

Although it may sometimes be desirable to have re- 
course to medicines, they should be taken only when 
absolutely necessary; the mere change of air and 
difference in the manner of living on the arrival of 
the invalid at the springs are of themselves sufficient, 
in a measure, to act as curative agents. This is more 
particularly the case when the patient arrives with his 
organs of digestion already much impaired. 

In case of obstinate maladies, for which a long treat- 
ment is necessary, it is sometimes beneficial to interrupt 
the treatment at certain periods. Each period consti- 
tutes a " saison" and is to be recommenced after a 
certain interval. In such cases, should the strength and 
state of the patient allow of it, it will be of great benefit 
to him to have a complete change of air and scene. 
He may spend the interval in making some pleasant 
excursion, or in visiting another watering place* 



52 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

This must be born in mind, that mineral waters have 
a specific action through the absorption of their chem- 
ical mineral principles; a general purifying tendency 
by increasing the action of the absorbing vessels and 
of the secreting functions ; a local action on the epider- 
mis and the underlying tissues ; and particularly a re- 
action when applied by means of local douches to parts 
of the body away from the seat of disease. This is the 
secret of the sometimes wonderful effects of the waters 
in a great number of diseases. The effect is the more 
to be depended upon the more gradually it takes place, 
as with all slow but sure improvements. 

It often happens, as has been already stated, that 
during the mineral water treatment the sufferings of 
the patient are increased. But, far from being dis- 
heartened, they should take courage and persist in the 
treatment as long as their medical attendant desires 
them to do so. In the majority of cases they will be 
well recompensed for their perseverance ; for, although 
at first the waters may make them worse, it is but the 
more surely to free their constitutions from the disease. 

Inasmuch as every curative means, methodically 
employed, and the treatment of which it serves as a 
basis, acts after the cure, so the beneficial effect of min - 
eral waters upon the organism is prolonged for a con- 
siderable time after their use has been discontinued. It 
is important, therefore, not to counteract this ulterior 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 53 

action by hurtful influences, but to observe carefully for 
some time the prescribed regime and only return grad- 
ually to one's former mode of life, avoiding as far as 
possible those influences which may have caused the 
developement of the disease. 

The patient should bear in mind that after having 
undergone the prescribed treatment, the pores of the 
skin are more open and the exudation from the body 
more active ; he should therefore guard himself against 
anything which may subject him to the possibility of 
taking cold, a result which often occurs and destroys 
the good effects obtained by months of perseverance in 
the use of the waters. Night travel should be avoided 
as far as possible, and never undertaken except in warm, 
dry weather. 

It is very necessary for the patient to refrain from his 
usual occupations, and if possible to lay aside all busi- 
ness matters for a week or two after reaching home. 
But the best consecutive treatment consists in a tranquil 
sojourn in the country, with milk diet. In many cases 
sea-bathing or simply a sojourn at the sea-shore will 
aid in confirming the cure ; and, if their pecuniary re- 
sources will admit of it, a climatic cure such as may be 
had under the warm and pleasant skies of Florida, 
Southern France, Italy, Spain or Algiers, is to be re- 
commended, especially for patients suffering from affec- 
tions of the respiratory organs. In cases less grave it 



54 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

will suffice to take a short sea voyage. 

If the stay at the springs has been interrupted or too 
limited to effect a cure, the patient may continue the 
drinking of the waters at home, or wherever he may 
desire, as they lose little of their virtue by transporta- 
tion, when properly bottled. The best means of pre- 
serving the water fresh is to draw it directly from the 
spring into proper casks or bottles which should be, 
when full, hermetrically sealed. If it is desirable to drink 
the water warm, the bottle containing it, after being 
opened, should be suspended in hot water, or as before 
stated mineral water may be advantageously mixed with 
hot water, or preferably hot milk. 

The gradual multiplication in late years of milk cure 
establishments at all European watering places speaks 
eloquently of the value of milk in conjunction with 
mineral waters as a curative agent. The pure, gently- 
acting nutrive components of normal milk offer a most 
Suitable remedy in certain diseased conditions which 
fecjuife, whilst strengthening the body, the exclusion of 
irritating and exciting diet. For years past the method- 
ical use of milk has been highly recommended in 
diseases of the respiratory organs, the lungs and throat, 
in heart disease, in chronic derangements of the diges- 
tive apparatus and in cases of extreme nervous excite- 
ment. By improving nutrition the milk diet is also 
most efficacious in anemia and in the furtherance of 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 55 

developement. In late years the happiest results have 
been attained by the free use of milk in diseases of the 
kidneys — especially in Bright's disease. 

The whey of milk, a remedy greatly esteemed by 
ancient physicians, is now much used by the physicians 
of Europe in connection with mineral waters, especially 
in cases where the latter would be too irritating. 

Whey is a translucent, yellowish green fluid of a pecu- 
liar odor. It is prepared preferably from goat's milk by 
adding a little runnet and curds which take up the 
cheesy elements of the milk. Besides the water of the 
milk the principal constituents of whey are sugar of 
milk, caseine and albumen. A recent analysis gives the 
following composition : 

Sugar of milk 498.1 

Fat.. 3.9 

Caseine 20.8 

Albumen 19.2 

Extractive matter..... 5.1 

Cendres 61.6 

608.6 
Whey is highly nutritious, and when taken in large 
quantities it acts upon the kidneys and bowels. In 
cases of engorgement of the abdominal vicera it acts as 
an arterial sedative and modifies the circulation. When 
mixed with mineral waters it prevents the constipation 
which is often produced by drinking them, and is, there- 
fore, an excellent remedy for piles. In heart affections, 



56 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

where the waters are found to be too exciting when 
taken alone, the addition of a small quantity of whey 
will generally control the too -pronounced activity of 
this organ.* 

*The first whey establishment at Ems was inaugurated in 1845. 
In a short time it became popular, and 2,430 pints were consumed 
annually ; in 1854 the quantity consumed was 4,173 pints. This 
establishment, necessarily defective, was found to be inadequate to 
supply the demand, and in 1857 a new establishment, mucli larger 
and better organized, was erected, and is under the direction of a 
Swiss expert who also directs the celebrated establishment at 
Soden, where the preparation of whey is extensively carried on. 
For the purpose of supplying the visitors at Ems he keeps in the 
wooded mountains of Keuhausel, near Ems, a large flock of Swiss 
goats. The whey is prepared at night and furnished fresh to the 
visitors at the springs every morning. The best proof of the pop*- 
ularity of the remedy is that upwards of 8,000 pints are now 
annually consumed by the visitors at Ems. The quantity of 
whey to be mixed with the water is determined by the physician. 



CHAPTER VI. 

SEASIDE RESORTS. 

Sea Bathing as a therapeutic agent, The best season. Manner of 
taking sea baths. Precautions after bathing. A high surf to 
be avoided. The time for bathing. Chemical constituents of 
sea water. Its therapeutic action. Rules for sea bathing, &e. 

Swimming baths, whether in fresh or salt water, are a 
most energetic tonic, and in certain morbid predisposi- 
tions are perhaps the most powerful means of combatting 
or modifying disease. But the mineral nature of sea 
water and the hygienic conditions incident to sea air 
render bathing on the sea shore much more active as a 
therapeutic agent than the ordinary fresh or salt water 
baths. Neither sea baths nor sea air, however, act with 
the same power in all climates or at all seasons of the 
year. The best season for sea bathing is at that period 
of the year when the temperature of the air and that of 
the water more nearly coincide ; or when the external 
atmosphere is only slightly warmer than the temperature 
of the water. This usually occurs in the spring and fall 
months, or from the first of May to the first of July, and 
from the first of September to the first of October, which 
is the proper season for sea bathing ; since the real object 
of the bath is to stimulate the organism by immersion in 
cool mineral water, and subsequently to obtain a gentle 



58 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

reaction by passing into a temperature somewhat warmer 
than that of the water. We can readily understand that 
in very cold weather when the sea water produces a sen- 
sation of warmth and the external air a sensation of 
coldness, an open or exposed sea bath would not be 
advisable, on the other hand, if the temperature of the 
external atmosphere should be too warm the reaction 
following the bath is apt to be too violent and long con- 
tinued for invalids. 

A sea bath may be taken either by immersion or by 
what is termed effusion, which is the receiving of the 
wave or surf on the surface of the body. Eight or ten 
" effusions " are generally sufficient, and the length of the 
bath should not exceed ten or fifteen minutes,— in delicate 
persons five or six minutes will be sufficient. Plunging 
or swimming sea baths are the most agreeable, and the 
exercise of swimming often adds to the beneficial effects 
of the sea water ; but this kind of bath acts upon the 
organism with less energy really than the effusion. It 
is not always well, however, when first entering the water 
to plunge in suddenly. 

It is very important to obtain after the bath complete 
reaction. Frictions with a dry rough towel or horse hair 
gloves, and some gymnastic exercise or a brisk walk 
will generally produce the desired results. A warm foot 
bath, a stimulant and other artificial means of determin- 
ing reaction should not be employed except on the pre- 
scription of a physician. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 59 

Generally it is necessary to avoid bathing when the 
waves are too high. During a heavy surf the water is 
rendered more or less impure by the foam of the sea, and 
the animal detritus raised up by the waves, might be 
injurious if brought in contact w T ith the surface of the 
body. When the sea is phosphorescent the bath will 
sometimes produce urticaria or nettle-rash. The best 
time for bathing is from 11 A. M. to 6 P. M. Between 
these hours the air is warmer and the vital power greater, 
from the fact that food has been taken and these circum- 
stances combine to facilitate reaction. It must be borne 
in mind, however, that no bath should be taken in less 
than three or four hours after eating, should the meal be 
anything more than mere coffee and bread. 

Under the influence of change of regime ) of sea air 
and sea bathing we often observe an excitation, and 
sometimes functional troubles produced similar to those 
which are noticed after the use of other mineral waters, 
especially the thermal waters. In such cases it would 
be well to take counsel of a physician as to the propriety 
of continuing the baths. 

The duration of a season of sea bathing may, gener- 
ally speaking, be said to embrace from twenty to thirty 
baths, though it may be extended to fifty or sixty baths 
in certain cases; but it is rarely wise to exceed this 
number ; and not more than one bath per day should be 
taken without special indications. We may judge from 



6o A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

the foregoing, that sea baths, in order to be taken with 
advantage, or even without injury, exact considerable 
prudence and care, and should never be employed by 
invalids except under the advice of a physician. 

Sea water, in addition to a large percentage of chloride 
of sodium or common salt, contains other minerals in 
considerable quantities, as the chloride of magnesium 
and calcium, the sulphates of lime, magnesia and soda, 
and the carbonate of lime, It is, therefore, a true min* 
eral water, and is valuable in the treatment of many 
diseases, especially those of the lymphatic and glandular 
systems. It is particularly servicable in the treatment 
of scrofula and chronic turburculosis, in progressive 
atrophy of the muscular system and in affections of the 
nerve centres generally. It has also been found 
useful in cases of malarial poisoning and in some of the 
diseases incident to women. 

RULES FOR SEA BATHING, 

1. Sea bathing should be continued for at least five 
or six weeks, at two periods in the year, making June a 
part of the one and September of the other. By thus 
allowing an interval between the tw r o courses of bathing, 
a more salutary change may be effected than if it is per- 
sisted in for months without intermission. 

2. The old and delicate ought gradually to prepare 
themselves for sea bathing, by previously using the tepid 
bath, at a temperature commencing at 90 , lowered five 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS, 6j 

degrees each time, and terminating at 65°. 

3. Bathing ought not to be commenced until two or 
three days after arriving on the sea coast ; during which 
it may be advisable to take a moderate dose of some 
laxative, or a glass full of sea water before breakfast, 
Sea bathing is attended with risk after great fatigue, as 
on coming from a long journey ; and after the body has 
been long engaged in any exertion which has produced 
lassitude, debility or chilliness, and when there is any 
marked determination of blood to the head or lungs. 
It is an indispensable rule, never to bathe after having 
taken medicine, or while under its influence or with a 
full stomach. 

4. The robust and healthy may bathe early in the 
morning before breakfast ; but persons of a delicate or 
feeble constitution or who are in the habit of dining late, 
and indulging in the luxuries of the table, ought rather 
to bathe about two hours before dinner. It is better for 
such persons to bathe on alternate days, than for many 
days consecutively. Daily bathing frequently produces 
lassitude, accompanied by a manifest wasting of the body. 

5. It is now a rule in bathing, to avoid going into the 
water when the body is cold, and infirm persons should 
not use the cold bath without having previously taken 
some moderate exercise. This doctrine connot be too 
strongly inculcated. Dr. Currie justly observes, that 
bathers ought not to wait on the edge of a bath, or of 



62 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS, 

the sea, until they are perfectly cool ; for if they plunge 
into the water in that state, a sudden and alarming chilli- 
ness may supervene, which would not have been felt, had 
they been moderately warm when they went into the 
water. 

6. Attention should be paid to the nature of the 
bathing place. A bottom of clean sand is to be preferred. 
Sea weeds are to be avoided; for they frequently con- 
tain pointed shells, which may inflict painful wounds. 

7. It has long been considered a useful rule to have 
the head first wetted, and, indeed, many think it neces- 
sary to plunge head foremost into the water. It is assert- 
ed that a rush of blood to the head, with all its direful 
consequences, may take place if this is neglected. This 
practice, however, has of late been objected to. A sud- 
den plunge is a violent and unnatural exertion, which 
ought not to be insisted upon especially with delicate 
people ; and several of the bad effects which are ascribed 
to cold bathing, and which have forced many who were 
anxious to persevere in its use, to abandon it, are sup- 
posed to have originated from the effects of this very 
practice. Plunging headlong into the water, with most 
people, occasions unpleasant sensations, affecting both 
the eyes and the ears ; and no one should do so who 
suffers inconvenience from it. Those, however, who feel 
no bad effects from the practice may persevere in it. 

8. The time spent in the water should not exceed a 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 63 

few minutes. If longer immersed, the body should be 
kept during the whole time under the surface of the 
water and in action, in order to promote the circulation 
of the blood. It is much better to remain completely 
immersed in deep, than to take repeated plunges in 
shallow water. 

9. Upon coming out of the water the body should be 
wiped dry with a rough towel, and the ordinary dress 
resumed. It is more necessary to replace the usual vest- 
ments quickly than to be extremely anxious to have the 
surface of the body perfectly dry, as wetness from salt 
water is not likely to be prejudicial. 

10. After bathing, moderate exercise is necessary to 
promote the return of the heat of the body, care being 
taken that it is not violent, nor too long continued. 

11. If bathing occasions chilliness, a meal should be 
taken soon after the bath ; breakfast in the morning, in 
the forenoon some warm soup. Indeed if immersion, 
instead of being succeeded by a glow on the surface of 
the skin, be followed by chilliness, languor or headache, 
bathing should by no means be persisted in. 

12. During a course of sea bathing, and when even 
the warm sea water bath is used, friction with a flesh- 
brush or horse hair gloves, ought not to be omitted. 
It may enable a patient to continue the course when 
otherwise he must have given it up. 



64 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

BATHING DRESSES. 

Bathing dresses should be made of a very open tex- 
ture so as to freely admit water. They prevent the tem- 
perature of the body from being so much reduced, as to 
render bathing in cold weather hazardous. To strong 
and healthy men, bathing dresses are not necessary; 
but to the delicate, such dresses will prove useful. When 
completely undressed, the body should be wrapped in 
a large flannel gown, which should not be laid aside till 
the very moment of going into the water : by this means 
any chill previous to immersion will be avoided, and that 
salutary glow, which ought always to succeed bathing, 
will, in general, be insured. 

SWIMMING. 

The exercise of swimming is healthy and agreeable ; 
it induces comfortable sleep, even in the hottest weather. 
Perhaps the pores being cleansed, the insensible perspi- 
ration increases and thence may result the refreshing 
feeling experienced. Those, therefore, who have acquir- 
ed the art of swimming, should continue to practice it, 
while they remain in the water ; for besides the uninter- 
rupted immersion of the body, the muscular exertion 
required in swimming tends greatly to keep up the 
balance of temperature which is lost, if the body be 
surrounded with a medium which is a powerful conductor 
of heat. 



CHAPTEPv VII. 



DIETETICS. 



Mode of living. A sanitary rule. "What to eat. Xitrogenous 
and non-nitrogenous food. Beverages. Dietetic rules. Syn- 
optical tables of allowed and forbidden food. 

It is difficult even to prescribe a mode of living to be 
observed by so-called healthy people, who are really 
only relatively healthy, in order to preserve or improve 
their health; but it is utterly impossible to lay down 
precise rules for sick people, whose individuality as well 
as their various diseases are to be considered in fixing 
upon a course of treatment. 

The rule generally approved in hygiene, that every 
one in order to preserve health must adopt that 
mode of living which, according to temperament and 
constitution, is most suitable to him, cannot be applied 
generally to sick persons, because, owing to irregularities 
in their organisms, they are frequently obliged to adopt a 
specific mode of living and a certain course of medical 
treatment. If, therefore, we try to lay down some gene^- 
ral rules for the sick, it must be understood that they 
are to be applied only to those patients who have not 
received from their medical advisers other directions! 
which may be more adapted to their individual cases. 



66 a TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

In the first place, the patient must look for a Resort 
which affords him the means of bodily and mental rest, 
and that comfort which he is accustomed to enjoy. "A 
quiet, self satisfied temper is an indispensable condition 
for a successful cure," and how much a well chosen place 
may contribute to this happy state of mind is known to 
every one who has once had the misfortune to have 
selected a place w T hich did not give him satisfaction. 

Unhealthy districts, properly speaking, are not to be 
found at Mountain or Sea side Resorts, but for certain 
seasons of the year, as well as for certain bodily and 
mental conditions, the various advantages of different 
localities ought to be taken into consideration. 

For healthy people there is an old sanitary rule : 
" Never lay aside an old habit suddenly ; if it is innocent 
it may be retained, if it is pernicious it should be left off 
only by degrees." 

Although it is well, as far as possible, to live up to this 
fundamental principle, there are, however, patients 
enough with whom an immediate change of their former 
way of living is absolutely necessary when they visit 
health resorts, especially those whose habits are diamet- 
rically opposed to the rules prescribed for taking mineral 
w r aters. 

WHAT SHALL THE PATIENT EAT? 

The correct solution of this question is> for the patient^ 
of the highest importance. Many patients think by 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 67 

taking several glasses of water they have paid their tri- 
bute to Hygeia and consequently are justified in passing 
the rest of the day in dissipation, and, especially in regard 
to eating and drinking, pursue their old sins and bad 
habits. Many think they have done more than enough, 
if they confine themselves with regard to the selection 
of their meals, to those dishes which the physician has 
allowed them, without considering that the quantity 
taken is a very important factor in the matter of diet, 
and that too much or too little may produce as 
disagreeable consequences as badly chosen nourish- 
ment. 

What a patient is to eat and to drink, and what he is 
to avoid in this respect depends not so much upon the 
water he has taken, because, as a general thing, before 
he breaks his fast, the water taken has already passed 
out of his stomach and often his bowels too ; and if it 
has not done so, his breakfast-hour is badly chosen. 
A rational and beneficial diet can only be prescribed by 
taking due consideration of the disease and the individ- 
uality of the patient ; all the rest is of less importance. 
Every disease produces in the organism peculiarly 
characteristic chemical and physical changes ; now, as 
these abnormities on the one hand must necessarily be 
increased and aggravated by an injudicious diet, it is on 
the other hand, frequently in the power of the physician, 
to counteract these obnoxious formations, or at least to 



6S A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

promote their excretion by a rationally chosen diet. These 
points of view can, therefore, alone be taken into consid- 
eration with regard to the proper diet. 

As it is of importance during the drinking of the 
waters to eat only food which is easily digested, we have 
for the greater convenience of the reader selected a 
table of such food as is generally prescribed, according to 
its greater or less digestibility. 

The first column contains such food, as is most 
easily digested and ought to be considered first in 
making up the bill of fare. If this should be deemed 
insufficient and the state of the patient should allow more 
variety in his meals or make it even desirable, the 
articles in the second column may be allowed; those in 
the third column, however, are absolutely prohibited, 
on account of their indigestibility. 

Concerning the classification of food for our pur- 
poses, it must be observed that various diseases coming 
under treatment, such as gout, the so-called uric-acid- 
diathesis, etc. owe their orig'n to the too frequent con- 
sumption of nitrogenous food, consequently the use of 
such food must be limited, and if possible entirely pro- 
hibited and replaced by other nourishment. Starting 
from this practical point of view, we class the food in the 
following manner. 

I. Nitrogenous. 
i. Albuminoids; albumen, fibrine, globuline, caseine, 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 69 

gluten, and legumine. 
They are found : 

a. in animal food: 

milk, eggs, meat, blood, the brain, liver and some 
glands ; 

b. among vegetables; the various kinds of grain 
and vegetables. 

They serve as substitutes for the albuminoids in 
the organism. 
2. Glutinous substances. 

They are produced by boiling the glutinous tex- 
tures, such as bones; cartilages, sinews, etc. 

II. Non Nitrogenous. 
Of importance to us we mention : 

1. The neutral fats in milk, butter, in rich cheese, the 

liver, brain, oleaginous plants, etc ; 

2. The so-call hydrates of carbon: 

a. various kinds of sugar (cane-sugar, grape sugar, 
sugar of milk.) 

b. various kinds of starch and dextrine in many roots, 
potatoes and seeds of the various kinds of grain 
and legumes ; 

c. mucilagenous substance in various bulbs and seeds ; 

d. cellulosa in the various kinds of cabbage. 

3. Pectine-matter, the gelatinous parts of fruit and various 

roots. 

4. Organic acids, especially in fruit. 



70 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Nitrogenous Food. 
A. Animal diet. 

The most customary and, in general, most palatable, 
nourishing and digestible of all this class is meat, 
especially the muscular tissue. It is most easily digested 
when it comes from animals not too young, for instance 
from two year old beeves, one year old sheep, and 
chickens about six months old. With increasing age 
the meat of the animal becomes tougher, harder to 
digest, and consequently less nutritious; if taken from 
too young animals, however good it may be, it has, 
notwithstanding the opposite opinion of various authors, 
very little nutritious value and is harder to digest, be- 
cause in too young animals the glutinous substances 
preponderate. It is therefore not advisable for sick and 
convalescent people to eat any such meat. The meat 
ought moreover not to be eaten immediately after kill- 
ing, as it is then very tough and consequently not readily 
digested. This fault can be easily repaired by keeping 
it for some time in winter exposed to the air, and in 
summer on ice, but it should never be allowed to freeze. 

The advantage of this proceeding is to be found in the 
circumstance, that the lactic acid formed during the 
process of decomposition dissolves the lime in the fibres, 
which then become more tender, and more accessible to 
the chyle. Meat for invalids ought not to be too fat, 
lest it should affect the stomach. It must be quite lean 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 7 1 

for patients who are on strict diet, because it is then less 
nutritious and does not assist in the formation of fat. 
In regard to fat, the meat of fowls and pigeons contains 
less than that of any other domestic animals : next comes 
that of the ox, of the calf, of the sheep and last that of the 

pig- 
Concerning the forms in which meat is consumed, raw 
meat, well scraped with a little salt or a few drops of 
muriatic acid or lemon-juice, tastes well, is tender, nu- 
tritious and fit for the weakest stomach. The reason for 
this may be that thus prepared, hardly anything but the 
juice of the meat is obtained, which represents a concen- 
trated solution of albuminates in a form that is most 
easily digested. 

If not scraped, raw meat is pretty tough, therefore it 
must be boiled or rosted, as by these processes it becomes 
more tender and to most people more palatable. 

Boiling and roasting should not be continued too long, 
because then the juice of the meat is extracted and it 
becomes tough. In general, slightly roasted meat is 
preferred to meat slightly boiled, in prescriptions for the 
sick and convalescent ; but there are patients who prefer 
slightly boiled meat both as regards flavor and digestion 
to that of roasted meat. In such cases there is no reason 
to force them against their inclination. 

Pickled and smoked-meats ought in general not to be 
given to sick and convalescent people, as the meat is 



72 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS 

made tough by pickling and thereby loses about half of 
its nutritious quality, while by smoking the fibre shrinks 
and becomes hard. If, however, it is desirable to pre- 
scribe salt-meat the best suited is raw smoked ham; 
frequently the weakest stomachs will bear this meat 
better than any other, and it seems particularly indicated, 
if an entire want of appetite and inability to digest has 
taken place in consequence of the stomach being weak- 
ened by a protracted use of medicines. 

Meat soaked in vinegar and roasted is not to be ab- 
solutely rejected, if the process of soaking has not lasted 
too long; it is, moreover, not advisable to add the usual 
strong spices. 

Beef-soup, broth or bouillon is likewise an excellent 
and easily digested nourishment, if it is strong. Thin 
bouillon relaxes and weakens the stomach, therefore, it 
should be made more nutritious and stronger by adding 
to it certain substances from the animal as well as vege- 
table kingdom, The additions from the former consist 
of slightly roasted and then finely chopped meat of 
various game, poultry, various amphibia, the hind-legs 
of frogs, and various mollusks, among which oysters are 
undoubtedly the most prominent. Besides these there 
are soups made of liver, brain and eggs or of sweet- 
breads, which can be highly recommended. As a means 
of improving simple bouillon, which is very much in use 
now-a-days, we must mention the extract of meat. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 73 

Although this is devoid of albumen and the glutinous 
and fat substances of fresh meat, it must still be desig- 
nated as a very valuable nourishment. It is easy to 
digest and improves the taste of many dishes, in which 
quality it surpasses all other substances. 

The following may be mentioned as the principal ad- 
ditions to soups from the vegetable kingdom : riee, barley, 
oats, grits, sago, tapioca, potatoes, etc., all of which will 
be mentioned hereafter in their respective places. 

In order to prepare a good broth for invalids, it is not 
advisable to do too much of the good thing, by boiling 
the meat to shreds. The broth becomes thereby cer- 
tainly fatter and richer in gelatine, consequently stronger, 
but it is harder to digest. The kinds of meat con- 
sumed by man are so manifold, that it is impossible to 
enter here into a detailed account of their value as re- 
gards nourishment and digestibility. We have only to 
deal with those kinds of meat which come upon the table 
of the sick and convalescent, and we will mention them 
now in as short a manner as possible. The principal 
among them is undoubtedly : 

1. Beef. The form in which it is easiest to digest, most 
nutritious and palatable is 

a. Beefsteak prepared according to the English 
method, that is underdone. Of not quite the 
same value, but still much to be recommended, 



74 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

and as we have seen before by some even pre- 
ferred to roast-meat, is a tender piece of 

b. Boiled beef, provided it is so prepared that all 
the juice and strength has not been extracted. 
By adding a few drops of good vinegar it be- 
comes still more digestible. 

q. Roasts, prepared in the usual way are very 
nutritious and easy to digest; these too must not 
be overdone. 

d. Beef soaked in vinegar and afterwards roasted 
ought to appear as seldom as possible on the 
table of invalids, but if it has not been soaked 
too long it need not be excluded altogether. 

e. Beef tongue, not too much salted and smoked^ 
is healthy and easy to digest. The root of the 
tongue and the tip of it is most desirable for 
patients. Tongue in jelly is specially to be re- 
commended. The heart, liver, the kidneys and 
the brain ought not to be given to sick people, 

2. Veal is less nutritious than beef, but easier to digest, 
provided it is not too young. Everybody knows 
that veal, when it is too young, disagrees more with 
the stomach than beef. The breast and loin of veal 
are considered the best pieces to roast for convales- 
cents. Likewise are to be recommended : 
Veal-cutlets, ragout and calf's-tongue. 

Sweet bread has long and justly been consider- 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 75 

ed by physicians as an extraordinarily nutritious 
dish, very easy to digest. It is prescribed in the 
shape of soups or stewed in butter or boiled with a 
light, nice gravy. Less to be recommended are 
the heart, liver, kidneys, and boiled calf 's*head» 
3. Mutton. Its nutritious value and digestibility cor- 
respond in general with those of beef, although it 
is not quite equal to it* For the dietetic table we 
can only recommend : 

Roast mutton, mutton-chops and leg of mutton, the 
latter slightly soaked in vinegar or in beer for 48 
hours or even more, without being salted previous^ 
ly. Instead of vinegair the meat may be soaked iii 
Claret from 6 to 14 days according to the season. 
4* Pork ought to be excluded under all circumstances 
from the table of the invalid being altogether too fat 
If for special reasons it is to be prescribed) raw 
smoked ham is the only form to be allowed* 
5* Game, (hare and deer,) is very much to be rec- 
ommended for the dietetic table, provided the meat 
comes from young and fat animals. 
6> Poultry. 

a. Wild fowl, in regard to its nutritious value, is 
preferable to tame fowl ; it has a finer flavor and 
is easier to digest. But as it contains a good deal 
of albumen it must be forbidden to those suffer- 
ing of plethora, gout and hoemorrhoids. We 



76 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

recommend for the dietetic table : partridge, 
prairie chicken, wild pigeons, snipe, wood- 
cock; etc 

Forbidden, 

a. because they are too fat : 

quails, larks, ortolans, geese and wild ducks ; 

b. because they are too hard and dry : 

the black or mountain cock, pheasents and 
all old poultry, 
b. Tame fowl is, in spite of the albumen contained 
in the grown specimens, less nutritious than wild 
fowl. Meat of young poultry contains less albu- 
men but more glutinous substances, and is there- ■ 
fore eminently fitted like young veal for plethoric 
and gouty patients, and those Suffering from hcem- 
orrhoids. Chickens, pigeons and turkey are 
recommended. 

Goose and duck are prohibited on account 
of their fat, which is hard to digest. 
7. Fish* 

Of Fish, as a dietetic dish, the following must be 
observed. 

a. The meat of fishes is not as nutritious as that 
of the animals mentioned so far, but contains 
a good deal more fat. 

b. The meat of fishes of prey, such as pike, trout, 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 77 

etc, is better than the meat of those living on 
vegetable matter and mud. 

c. Scaly fish are generally more easily digested 
than those with a smooth skin. 

d. Sea-fish in general are more nutritious than fresh 
water fish, but they are much richer and there- 
fore harder to digest. 

e. Fried fish is harder to digest than boiled. The 
latter ought therefore to be preferred for the 
dietetic table. 

Perch, mackerel, rock, pike, trout, sheeps-head, 
sole and haddock are to be recommended. 
In regard to digestibleness, the following are 
less advisable, but need not be absolutely pro- 
hibited : 

Eel, fresh herring, anchovy, sardines, cod fish, 
flounder* 
Prohibited on account of their richness, are : 

Carp, shad> salmon, salmon-trout, mackerel. 

The roe of salted fishes, is allowed, being nutritious 

and pretty easy to digest. It serves also as a 

stomachic, creating appetite, but ought only to 

be taken with dry bread and in small quantities. 

8. AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS. 

Turtle, very fat and hard to digest, therefore 
prohibited. Mind-legs of frogs, very nutritious 



78 A TREATISE OX MINERAL WATERS. 

and easy to digest, therefore warmly recommended. 

9. CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS. 

Fresh-water craw- fish, Lobster, Crabs and Shrimps. 
The meat of these Crustacea is hard and not easy to 
digest ; its consumption frequently causes nettle-rash, 
therefore it ought to be banished from the dietetic table # 

10. MOLLUSKS. 

Oysters and mussels are very albuminous and 
therefore when taken raw very nutritious and cannot 
be too highly recommended. Every form of cooking 
them impairs their dietetic value. 

11. EGGS. 

Are a healthy, strengthening and digestible food, 
especially when raw or soft boiled, and they are there- 
fore considered as one of the most efficacious dishes 
in cases of poverty of the blood, and general weakness. 
Their combination with broth or wine is to be recom- 
mended if a patient shows an antipathy to taking 
them raw. They are an excellent substitute for milk, 
if the latter disagrees, owing to the formation of acidity 
in the stomach and bowels. 

Albumen coagulates at 167 Fah., therefore eggs 
ought not to be boiled at a much higher temperature 
and hard boiled eggs ought not to be taken at all. 

'The best dishes for our purposes are : 

a; Raw eggs without any addition, or beaten up 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 79 

with a little pepper and salt, or Cognac in special 
cases, or milk, or beer. 

b. Soft boiled eggs. 

c. Poached eggs on dry toast. 

d. Scrambled eggs with a little milk and fried in 
very little butter. 

e. Omelet without flour. 

Eggs fried on the plate are not recommended to 
sick persons, owing to the albumen being entire- 
ly coagulated. 
. MILK. 

According to its chemical combination, milk con- 
sists of water, caseine, albumen, and some other azotic 
substances which are not well known, finally of sugar 
of milk and fats. Of mineral substances the follow- 
ing have been discovered : Chloride of sodium, chlo- 
ride of potassium, phosphate of lime and magnesia, 
likewise iron. Of gases it contains only carbonic 
acid. This chemical combination, so much like our 
blood, shows how invaluable milk is to the organism 
as a nourishment ; but it would be a hasty conclusion 
to imagine, that milk is favorable for everybody under 
all circumstances. In this regard experience has 
shown, that there are people with whom it agrees very 
well and others with whom it disagrees completely. 
But even to persons w r ith whom it agrees wen, milk 
cannot be given for any length of time as their sole 



8o A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS 

food, for it frequently exerts a relaxing influence upon 
the bowels. 

If milk is to be applied as a healing agent, it must 
not be boiled as it loses thereby in nutritious value, 
by the separation of albumen and the loss of carbonic 
acid, which makes it less palatable and harder to 
digest. 

The best milk is obtained from cows that are fed 
on dry food, especially good hay. The milk 
becomes less rich and for infants even unwholesome, 
if the cows are fed on green food such as grass, 
clover, etc., or on ruta-bagas and other roots. 

Milk is therapeutically prescribed in cases of pov- 
erty of the blood and general debility, and in all dis- 
eases Occasioned by them, if we wish to apply a sub- 
stance which is easily, quickly and without irritation 
assimilated, and as nutritious as possible. It is there- 
fore used, for instance) in chlorosis and other cach- 
exies, in prostrating diseases of the lungs and bowels 
of long duration, in losses of blood, spermatorrhoea, 
and in convalescence. 

The most important products of milk are : 

a. Whey. 

Whey consists of Water, salts and sugar of milk, 
therefore it has lost much of its nutritious prop- 
erty, especially the azotic principle, and is con- 
sequently unfit in those diseases wxiere strength- 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 8 1 

ening of the organism is to be brought about. 
It can only find a rational application in cases 
of congestion, plethora abdominalis, gout, etc. 

If in cases of tuberculosis, scrofula and chlo- 
rosis where it is desirable to promote nutrition 
and improve the blood, milk instead of whey 
must be resorted to. 

b. Clabber or sour-milk is easily digested by most 
people, besides being, in summer, very pleasant 
and refreshing. 

c. Curds do not lie heavy on the stomach and may 
be taken without injury. 

d. Butter-milk is easily digested and has some 
nutritious value, containing still some caseine in 
small particles and in a curdled state. Patients 
with chronic stomatitis according to Krucken- 
berg — " ought to eat it whenever they are hun- 
gry and drink it whenever they are thirsty." 

e. Butter is the mildest, pleasantest and most 
wholesome fat and of all others the easiest to 
digest. Melted butter becomes more indi- 
gestible. Fresh butter may be given to all 
patients in moderate quantities, except to such 
as are not allowed any fat at all. 

f. Cream, which besides fat contains particles of 
cheese and whey, seems to lie heavier on the 
stomach than fresh butter, at least it disagrees 



82 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

with some people who digest butter very well. 
At all events it is judicious to be very moderate 
in consuming it while taking the waters. 

g. Cheese. Containing caseine has a not unim- 
portant nutritious value, but is difficult to digest 
and ought to be prohibited. The worst of all 
is rotten cheese which often cannot be taken 
without danger. 

13. GELATINOUS FOOD. 

Gelatine does not occur as such in the organism, 
but is formed by boiling glue-producing textures, 
such as bones, cartilages, sinews and cellular textures* 
Opinions differ concerning its nutritious value. Most 
authors are of opinion that it is destitute of nutritious 
qualities. 

According to Bischoff and Voigt gelatine and gela- 
tine-producing textures are transformed into urea. In 
so far as it prevents the consumption of azotic sub- 
stances, i. e. the change of matter in the muscle when 
at rest, it deserves to be classed amongst the nutri* 
ments, even if it is not capable of replacing the loss 
of muscular substance. 

In the preparation of gelatinous dishes calves-feet, 
pigs-feet, calves-heads, ears, etc. are mostly used. 

As we have seen above, all textures of very young 
animals are exceedingly gelatinous, and so are snails* 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 8$ 

These substances are served up in the form of jellies, 
etc. 

There are jellies with and without acids, the former 
if not too acid, being a very wholesome and refresh- 
ing food in cases of fever, the latter being easy to 
digest, even in bad cases of acidity of the stomach. 

If jelly is to be served with meat, only such kinds 
ought to be selected as are allowed for the dietetic 
table. 

All the food mentioned so far is derived exclusively 
from the animal kingdom and contains, as we said 
above, azotic or proteine-substances. They seem to 
owe their chief nutritious value to the albumen and 
albuminoids which they contain. 

Meat is justly considered as the most important 
food of man, for in the same degree, in which car* 
nivorous animals surpass herbivorous animals in 
energy and strength of muscle, so do people who eat 
meat, surpass in bodily strength and mental advan= 
tages those of the human race, who live, like the 
Hindoos on vegetables exclusively. 

The meat of the warm blooded animals, to be taken 
into consideration here, contains nearly all the sub- 
stances, which are necessary to build up and main- . 
tain our organism, in an easily assimilable and digest- 
ible form. It is therefore therapeutically applied : 

i . In all diseases caused by loss of blood or debility, 



84 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

during convalescence after protracted illness, in 
chlorosis, tuberculosis and other cachexies, amongst 
which the most interesting to us are scrofula and 
rhachitis. 

2. As the substances belonging to this class do not 
produce fat, the food for an effectual treatment of 
obesity ought to be selected from them. As a matter 
of course the meat must be lean, or the fat taken off, 

3. These substances must form the food of old age, 
because, on account of disorganization of the glands 
(which chiefly have to digest the amylaceous sub- 
stances) the latter can no longer fulfil their duties. 

As the consumption of this kind of food produces 
an excessive formation of blood, it is to be prohibited 
in general plethora, where a vegetable diet is prefer- 
able. 

All substances of this class, gelatine included, form 
urea in the blood and are therefore to be prohibited 
in gout, and the uric-acid diathesis. At all events 
the consumption of meat ought to be restricted to 
once a day and then only when prescribed by the 
physician. 

B. VEGETABLE DIET. 

We will turn now to the second great group, the 
vegetable, and consider first those containing 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 85 

14. STARCH, 

On account of the amount of nitrogenous matter 
contained in vegetables, such as gluten, legumine and 
albumen they somewhat resemble animal food, while, 
on account of the great quantity of starch they eon- 
tain, (the most important constituent of vegetable 
food,) they must be considered as the chief representa- 
tives of the non-nitrogenous class, The importance 
of azotic substances in regard to their nutritious value 
has been explained already in the remarks on animal 
food ; and we shall now enter into an explanation of 
the importance of starch, and the hydrates of carbon 
as food for the organism. It is essential and impor- 
tant to know, that this class of food chiefly produces 
fat. 

Starch is by means of the saliva, the secretion of 
the pancreas and the chyle, rapidly changed into 
dextrine and afterwards into sugar, in which form it 
is absorbed into the blood. 

Under normal circumstances no fermentation of 
lactic and other acids takes place in the stomach, but 
if this organ is sick or acid, then fermentation takes 
place with a portion of the sugar, and heart-burn 
occurs with other disagreeable consequences, all 
known as the usual accompaniments of a disordered 
stomach. 

For the economy of the organism sugar is of the 



86 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

greatest importance, and is not only introduced by 
saccharine food, but is also the product of the action 
of the liver. 

In the blood it goes through a very rapid process 
of oxidation and is then changed into carbonic acid, 
during which chemical process a great deal of the 
heat necessary for the existence of the organism is 
produced. 

Its property, as well as that of the other hydrates 
of carbon, to produce fat, cannot be doubted after the 
experiments made in this direction. It is an indis- 
putable fact, that negroes on the sugar-plantations, 
who, during the pressing of the juice, live almost 
exclusively on it become very fat. According to 
the observations of Huber and Gundlach, bees 
fed on sugar or clarified honey, are said to be able 
to produce a large quantity of wax. Sugar with 
the other hydrates of carbon and fats belong to the 
so-called "Respirations-mitte!" of Liebig; i.e. that 
group of substances which are principally decom- 
posed by oxidation, and consequently produce a 
greater amount of heat than would be the case with- 
out their presence. Now as the task which they 
accomplish, need not be done at the expense of the 
muscles, and as therefore the oxidizing influence of 
the inhaled oxygen upon the muscles is diminished 
by the hydrates of carbon and fats, it necessarily 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 8j 

follows that they limit the consumption of the nitro- 
genous substances of the body and, consequently, 
may be considered as nourishments in the full sense 
of the word. 

The lactic acid, which under peculiar circumstances 
is formed in the stomach, but ordinarily always in 
the duodenum and small intestines is a most impor- 
tant means for the digestion of azotic food, by which 
its nutritious value is considerably increased. 

Finally, concerning the digestibility of starch, it is 
with difficulty transformed into sugar in a raw state, 
more easily when boiled, but most easily when 
roasted. And as it is changed by dry heat into 
dextrine, it is therefore most easily digested in this 
form. For this reason rusks are more easily digested, 
than they would have been before toasting, and 
toasted bread is easier to digest than common bread. 
For the same reason, fried potatoes are more easily 
digested than boiled ones. 

Of all nourishments produced from vegetable sub- 
stances those of a farinaceous nature are the most 
important and the foremost of them is 

BREAD. 

As we have already seen the nutritious value of 
cereals, besides the starch they contain, depends 
upon their azotic combinations, and amongst them 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

chiefly gluten. This is so much more the case, 
as the amount of phosphates depends principally 
on the presence of gluten. Now, as bread which 
contains but little gluten, contains likewise less 
phosphates and therefore contributes little to the 
formation of the bones and the maintenance of the 
activity of the muscles, good bread ought to contain 
as much azotic substance as possible. After careful 
examinations it has been proved that gluten is chiefly 
found in the bran, and that consequently this fur- 
nishes a more nutritious bread than the finely ground 
flour cleaned of bran. The former has the additional 
advantage of preventing the conglomeration of the 
bread in the stomach whereby indigestion may be 
avoided. 

Rye-bread has a very fine flavor and has the gene- 
ral reputation of being more strengthening and nutri- 
tious than any other bread. We will leave this 
undecided; it does not agree with the scientific 
appreciation of the nutritious value of various 
cereals. For as it is known that wheat contains more 
gluten than any other kind of grain, according to our 
scientific views wheat-bread ought to be the most 
nutritious. At all events people who live on rye- 
bread generally enjoy an excellent digestion and their 
stomachs are not inclined to the formation of acid. 
In order to come up to all the requirements of healthy 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 89 

food bread must be light, well baked and not 
quite fresh. All pastry containing much sugar or 
fat, such as sweet-meats, cakes, tarts and pies, is 
strictly prohibited from the sanitary table, because, 
owing to its indigestibility, it may disorder the 
stomach and produce heart-burn. Biscuits prepared 
only with sugar, flour and the white of eggs, and like- 
wise those of English manufacture, which contain 
even less sugar than those made in America, may be 
allowed if necessary. 

Pastes made up with water, such as maccaroni, 
vermicelli, puddings, etc., are strictly prohibited. 

Farinaceous food prepared with milk, such as milk- 
rice, grits in milk, barley boiled in milk, etc. are 
allowed. 

Of the greatest nutritious value are those substances 
containing starch, which are put in soups especially 
in bouillon. 

The most nutritious of them are the ripe seeds of 
leguminous plants such as beans, peas and lentils. 
They quite surpass the cereals in this regard, are not 
as hard to digest as is generally supposed, and if care- 
fully passed through a sieve, may even be admitted 
to the sanitary table. 

Of cereals to be put in soup the following are 
chiefly recommended: Grits of barley and oats, 
peeled barley, grits of wheat , specially recommended. 



90 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

millet and rice. The latter contains the greatest 
amount of starch and the least of gluten and is there- 
fore specially fitted as food for lean persons. Of 
other vegetable substances we may mention in con- 
nection with the foregoing, arrow-root, sago and 
tapioca. 

II. Nox-Azotic Food. 

15. Vegetables. 

As they, on an average, contain only 10 per cent. 
of solid substances while the rest is water, it is easily 
understood that the nutritious value of even the most 
nutritious vegetables is relatively very small ; we will 
therefore, in selecting them for the dietetic table, look 
more upon their digestibility and their flavor, than 
upon their nutritious qualities. 

They contain traces of albumen, sugar, dextrine 
and salts, besides various acids, and some of them 
also a volatile oil. 

In judging of the digestibility and nutritious value 
of vegetables one cannot be far out of the right track, 
when adhering to the old rule : " All vegetables grow- 
ing in the ground are more easily digested and more 
nutritious than those growing above it." 

The acids contained in the vegetables assist in 
digesting the albuminates and fibrinous substances ; 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 9 1 

therefore meat taken with some vegetables is more 
easily digested, than if taken without any. In con- 
sequence of a greater amount of acid contained in 
some vegetables, they have the property of increas- 
ing the secretions of the bowels. 

Acrimonious vegetables like radishes, horse-radish, 
leek, onions and garlick irritate the channel of diges- 
• tion too violently and are therefore not to be recom- 
mended for the sanitary table. As vegetables in 
general contain little or no fat, their taste and nutri- 
tious value can be improved in cooking, by the addi- 
tion of fat, best of butter or broth, An addition of 
flour, which is customary in some places, is not 
advisable, as it diminishes the digestibility and spoils 
the taste. According to Wiel the following prepa- 
ration is the most advisable : 

Simple boiling in hot water* then chopping fine and 
serving up with butter or broth. 

Considering next those vegetables growing in the 
ground we meet first with the most important of them, 
the potato* 

The potato owes almost its entire nutritious value 
to starch) the easiest digestible form of which is found 
in the potato. 

We have seen above that starch by being exposed 
to dry heat (roasting) changes into dextrine and then 



92 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

into sugar, and we know that in this form it is readily 
and easily absorbed into the blood ; therefore pota- 
toes roasted in the ashes or fried are most digestible. 
Unfortunately the former mode of preparation is not 
very frequently used. The most usual manner resort - 
.ed to is boiling them in hot water or steam. 

To prepare them for this it is advisable to put them 
in cold water previously, in order to extract the 
acrimony peculiar to them. As in the process of 
digestion, starch is more readily transformed into 
sugar when fat is added, potatoes ought never to be 
eaten without some butter, a thing which is happily 
done instinctively by most persons. 

a. Mashed potatoes (puree de pommes de terre) 
boiled with milk, are most nutritious and most 
easily digested. 

b. Potatoes, a la maitre d'hotel, boiled with broth. 

c. Boiled, peeled or with their skin ; they must be 
taken with butter and be we!l masticated. 

Carrots contain much pectine and sugar, and are 
easily digested. 

Turnips are inferior to the former in nutritious value 
and likewise easily digested* 

Celery is coarse in fibre, but easy to digest and is 
supposed to be very nutritious. 

Salsifry and rampions if only one year old are easy 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 93 

to digest, tender and well fitted for the dietetic table. 

Horse-radish, boiled in milk or broth, taken with 
beef, is easy to digest and recommended. Grated 
raw and with the addition of some white wine and 
sugar, it is highly appreciated by many invalids of 
sluggish digestion. 

Young asparagus is one of the most famous vcge* 
tables for the dietetic table, if proper care is taken 
not to eat it with rich sauces. It is best, to take it 
with some melted butter. 

Sprouts are taken in a similar way. 

Radishes are very hard to digest and ought not to 
be given to an invalid under any circumstances. 

Of the vegetables growing over-ground. 

Spinach and orach (atriplex hortensis) as long as 
they are young, most suitable for the dietetic table. 

Dandelion (Taraxicum officinale,) is unfortunately 
not sufficiently appreciated as a vegetable. Of course 
it can be eaten only in spring, as later the leaves 
become hard. 

Then follows 

Endive (Cichorium endivia) and 

Common Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) another tender 
and excellent vegetable. 

To the class of leguminas, which we have treated 
of before, w r e must add another excellent vegetable ; 
we mean the marrow and other peas when the seeds 



94 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. * 

are quite young ; but when they are half grown, they 
are only fit for our purposes in the form of puree 
(passed through a sieve.) 

To the vegetables, which are easily digested belongs 
finally the 

Artichoke. It may be recommended to those, 
who wish to regale themselves once in a while as a 
reward for their self-denial. 

Harder to digest and causing flatulency and there- 
fore to be avoided are : * 

All sorts of cabbage such as white cabbage, Brus- 
sels sprouts, red cabbage, kale, curled savoy and 
cauliflower (in spite of the opposite opinion of some 
authors.) More preferable is Sourkrout as this has 
been rendered tender by the process of fermentation 
and because the lactic acid produced during this pro- 
cess is promotive of digestion. 

The following are to be avoided : 
Sorrel and rhubarb, and fruits of a vegetable 
character. 

Pumpkins, vegetable-marrows and cucumbers. 

Salads are generally forbidden to those taking 
mineral waters. For others, who do not take them, 
and are to observe light diet, the following might be 
allowed at their meals : Salid of endive, of water- 
cresses, of purslane ; besides these, salad of asparagus, 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS, 95 

of sprouts of the hop-plant, of salsafry and celery. 

Raw fruit with which we will class also nuts, fil- 
berts and chesnuts are very agreeable but hard to 
digest and, except the latter, almost without any 
nutritious value. It does not agree at all with mine- 
ral water and may consequently be passed over with- 
out any further remarks. 

Mushrooms are very nutritious but hard to digest 
and ought not to be eaten by people taking the waters. 

To make the dishes more palatable various sub- 
stances are added, such as fats, oil, sugar, salt, vinegar, 
mustard and spices. 

16, FAT AND FAT OILS. 

Are hard to digest and agree only with a healthy 
stomach if taken in small quantities. Invalids ought 
to avoid them entirely. If taken in large quantities, 
they stop the digestion and cause, by going through 
an acid fermentation, heart-burn and gastro- enteritis. 

If the attending physician finds it desirable to allow 
fat to certain patients, fresh butter deserves the pre- 
ference. It tastes more agreeable, is the easiest to 
digest, as we have seen before, and therefore best fitted 
for the sanitary table. Rancid butter, as all other 
rancid fats and oils, is unhealthy. 

All rich dishes such as larded roasts, rich gravies, and 
all vegetables prepared with much fat are injurious 
and ought to be avoided by persons taking the waters 



gg A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS, 

17. Sugar. 

Is found in various fluids and tissues of die body. 
In regard to its importance upon the change of matter 
it belongs to the previously mentioned "Respirations- 
mittel" of Liebig, and is in this sense also a nutri- 
ment. Its principal function in the organism seems 
to be the production of heat and fat. Taken in small 
quantities it is easily digested ; in larger quantities 
it is injurious to the stomach, producing acidity. In 
diseases of the stomach, where a strong inclination 
to acidity prevails, the consumption of sugar ought to 
be interdicted. The same observations are applica- 
ble to honey. 

1 8. COMMON SALT. 

Chloride of sodium does not alone improve the 
taste of our food but it is an excellent digestive. 
When taken in proper quantity it exerts a beneficial 
influence upon the bowels, causes an abundant secre- 
tion of chyle, increases the peristaltic action and 
promotes digestion. If taken in excessive quantities 
it causes gastritis and if continuously taken thus, 
may lead to serious disturbance of the general health, 

19. VINEGAR. 

If taken in small quantities, assists in digesting the 
albumen, and therefore pickles or other acids may be 
taken with meat and dishes made of eggs. It does 
not however agree well with mineral waters. If vine- 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 97 

gar is added to a dish, it should be done only after the 
food has been cooked. If taken in too large quan- 
tities it brings on gastritis and its consequences. 
Acid of lemons is of the same nature. 

2Q. SPICES 

Are substances which contain a considerable quan- 
tity of essential oil, and are consequently of a strong 
aromatic smell and taste. In moderate quantities 
they are used to flavor food and may be considered 
as digestives, because they slightly irritate the 
stomach and bowels, and promote the secretion of the 
gastric juice. Taken in excessive quantities they in- 
jure the stomach, The greatest number of persons 
suffering from diseases of the stomach and bowels 
belong to the upper classes, and are indebted often to 
the immoderate use of spices for their maladies. It 
is certain that a great number who suffer from hoem- 
orrhoids, owe the origin of their trouble to the exces- 
sive use of strong spices. 

Beverages. 
ax. coffee. 

The principal ingredients of coffee are : 

a. Caffeine, which, in large doses acts as poison, 
in small doses however it is a nerve stimulant : 

b. An essential empyreumatic oil, which seems to 
retard digestion, and when taken in large quan- 
tities, produces palpitation of the heart, acceler- 



98 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

ated pulsations, trembling of the muscles, per- 
spiration and sleeplessness ; 

c. Tannin. This diminishes the secretion of the 
stomach and bowels. 

d. Gluten, albumine and tegumine, which belong 
to the class of azotic foods. 

The total action of these factors in the coffee- 
'decoction, prepared in the usual manner, is 
according to Dr. Julius Lehmann (Annals of 
Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, August and Sep- 
tember, 1853,) the following : 

1. "It augments the activity of the vessels and the 
nervous system and retards the change of matter con- 
siderably. ,, 

2. "It excites the action of the vessels and nervous 
system, and thus its most valuable action is to refresh 
the mind, relaxed by over- exertion, to give it greater 
elasticity, and to produce a general feeling of ccanfort 
and cheerfulness. " 

Why coffee and tea are generally used, is probably 
owing to the fact that these two beverages have a 
much less injurious influence upon the organism than 
spirituous liquors, and possess, at the same time, a 
peculiar effect upon the nervous system different 
from that of the latter, While the mind and the im- 
agination are enlivened by the combined action of 
caffeine and the essential oil, and man, after taking 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 99 

tea or coffee, is better fitted for mental exertion; 
spirituous liquors act chiefly by stimulating the im- 
agination, and, when taken in excessive quantities, 
produce a confusion of thought and an over-irritation 
of the nervous system which brings about general 
debility. 

As a general rule, patients may take tea and coffee 
in moderation, but gouty patients must not take either 
of them. 

22. TEA. 

As its chemical combination is analogous to that 
of coffee, its action upon the organism is naturally 
similar to it. The excitement produced by it, how- 
ever, is said to be more agreeable, the flavor more 
pleasant, the taste finer. According to Wiel's graphic 
language "tea is but the nobler brother of coffee." 

23. COCOA AND CHOCOLATE 

Aire not so exciting and enlivening as tea or coffee, 
and are very easy to digest. They may be allowed 
to all taking the waters, except such persons as are 
suffering from obesity. Directly after meals neither 
tea, coffee or chocolate should be taken. 

24. SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. 

Alcohol is the principal element of this class of 
food. To this it owes all its good qualities when 
moderately taken, and all its disadvantages, when 
taken in immoderate quantities. 



IOO A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

By a moderate consumption of alcohol the secre- 
tion of gastric juice is increased, consequently the 
digestion, especially of azotic food, is promoted. 
This promotion of the process of digestion is how- 
ever, limited by various constituents contained in 
certain beverages, for instance by tannin in Claret, 
and the bitter principle in beer. 

Beer may, under certain circumstances, be allowed 
to persons who are suffering from chronic gastritis 
with formation of acids. 

Claret to those who are inclined to acidity and 
diarrhoea. 

White wines, where it is desirable to have the laxa- 
tive action of the waters assisted. 

If taken immoderately, alcohol ruins digestion 
completely ; it excites the circulation and blunts the 
nervous system, produces palpitation of the heart, 
"nervous trembling, and finally delirium tremens. 

It promotes the formation of fat and assists in the 
fatty degeneration of the organs. 

We may deduce from the above, for the benefit of 
our patients, the following rules concerning wine and 
beer: 

i. The taking of wine and beer in moderate quan- 
tities, is not absolutely prohibited while taking the 
waters. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. IOI 

2. It is safer- for the patient to select his beverage 
according to medical prescription. 

3. The beverages which are allowed must be pure, 
well fermented and light. As such, pure, well fer- 
mented Lager beer, light wines, from the Rhine, the 
Moselle, the Palatinate and the Hardt, and, under 
some circumstances light Bordeaux may be recom- 
mended. 

All heavy wines, such as Burgundy, Malaga, 
Sherry, Madeira, Port, etc. are prohibited. 

It needs scarcely to be mentioned, that brandy and 
whiskey are generally prohibited. 

4. The beverage allowed by the physician should 
never be taken immediately after the waters. 

We have tried to classify food according to its 
nutritious value, its digestibility and its physiological 
action upon the organism ; it remains now to indicate 
to the patient those points which he must observe if 
he desire3 to derive the greatest possible benefit to 
his health from the food allowed him. Various classes 
of patients congregate at watering places, who accord- 
ing to their maladies sometimes have to follow exactly 
opposite dietetic rules. Every patient ought to con- 
vince himself, from this circumstance, how important 
it is to be duly informed on this subject by his medi- 
cal adviser ; he must consider the following rules as 
a general guide only, which in detail require many 



102 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

changes and additions according to the requirements 
of every special case. Most visitors at watering 
places belong to that class of sufferers, who by high- 
living have brought on their malady ; we mean those 
suffering from obesity, from hcemorrhoids, from gout 
and from plethora. These must at all events, submit 
to certain restrictions in their diet. 

The following bills of fare are recommended. 

I. Order of the day and Bill of Fare for patients 
S7iffering from obesity. 

The hours for taking the waters in spring and autumn 
are 7 A. M» and in summer 6 o'clock, A. M. One hour 
after the last cup of water 

BREAKFAST* 

A tender beefsteak or a mutton chop, with as little fat 
as possible, and without rich gravies; with it one cup 
of tea or coffee without sugar and milk. 

DINNER, 

Soup : Broth, carefully freed of all fat. 

Roast and salad : Beefsteak, roast-beef, roast-veal, 
deer, hare, young pigeons and fowls, partridges, 
Wild pigeons, snipes and wood-cocks ; hind-legs of 
frogs, oysters. 

Fish is prohibited, being too rich. 

Of salads, allowed under certain circumstances are: 

Lettuce, water and garden cresses, tomatoes — vinegar 
must be as sparingly added as possible. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. IO3 

DESSERT. 

Stewed fruit, but without sugar. Dishes prepared of 
the white of eggs, the yolks being too rich. 

Beverage : After dinner one glass of light Rhine or 
Moselle wine, or good Claret. 

Strictly prohibited are : All rich dishes containing 
starch, rich soups, fish, vegetables prepared with 
fat, the yolk of eggs, milk, butter, rich cheese, pastry, 
chocolate and beer. 

A nap after dinner must be avoided. In the afternoon, 
if possible, a long walk or a drive to the mountains 
or a game at Croquet, Lawn Tennis or Bowling. 
About 6 o'clock, back to the spring, if such is 
prescribed. 
supper. 

Cold roast of the above mentioned animals, one cup 
of tea without milk and sugar, perhaps a little Claret. 

All meals must be taken without bread. 

II. Order of the day and Bill of Fare for plethoric 

persons. 
Breakfast. 

(One hour after drinking the water.) 
A glass of milk, with rolls or rusks, or a plate of milk 
and mush, oat-meal or panada. Chocolate may, 
under certain circumstances, be allowed, 



104 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

DINNER. 

Soup : Panada or broth with vegetable additions, 

except potatoes. 
Roast, vegetables, salad. Young meat, so-called white 

meat, such as roast veal, very young poultry roasted 

or in ragout. Fish to be selected from the first 

column of the synoptical table. 
Jellies, with addition of the allowed meats and fishes. 
All vegetables are allowed which are found in the first 

column of the synoptical table. 
According to the peculiarity of the patient, the salads 

allowed to corpulent persons may be permitted. 
Potatoes are to be taken only very moderately; it is 

best to avoid them altogether. 

DESSERT. 

Stewed fruit. 

Beverages: Light wine in moderate quantity; Coffee 
and tea are prohibited. 

No nap after dinner, but plenty of exercise in the 
open air, frequent draughts of water from the moun- 
tain brooks and springs. 
SUPPER. 

Clabber or sour milk,* broth, free of fat with the above 
mentioned additions, or cold roast with some light 
beer or wine. 

*We allow milk for this class of patients, if it agrees with them 
at all, in spite of a physiological contradiction. According to 
experience milk is not as nutritious for grown persons as for chil- 
dren i 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. IO5 

III. Order of the day and Bill of Fare for patients 
suffering from Hcemorrhoids. 

As early as possible in the morning to the springs. 

One hour after the last cup of water : 

BREAKFAST. 

Milk, light coffee or tea with milk, rolls, or better, rusks. 

DINNER. 

Soup: Broth without fat, with additions of young 
meat of white fibre, such as veal or young fowl, 
especially chickens or pigeons. 

All meat of full grown animals, as well as vegetables, 
must be avoided as additions to the soup. 

Meat, vegetables, salad : The various dishes of veal, 

young fowl and pigeons to be found in the first 

column of the synoptical table. 
Fish to be selected from the first column; likewise 

jellies with the kinds, of meat allowed. 
All vegetables are allowed, which grow in the ground, 

except potatoes. If salad be allowed it must be 

chosen from the first column. 

DESSERT. 

Stewed fruit and grapes. 

Beverages : Fresh or mineral water like seltzer, fre- 
quently taken, is recommended. Very light wines 
or beer may be taken, but in moderate quantities, 



106 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Forbidden : All dishes made of flour, eggs, cheese, 
all spices, strong coffee or tea, chocolate, strong 
wines or liquors. 
After dinner, long walks to the mountains, or, if pos- 
sible, long rides on horse-back, with the recom- 
mendation to drink plenty of water from the springs 
and mountain-brooks. About 6 o'clock back to 
the mineral springs. 

SUPPER. 

Clabber, bouillon without fat, with the above mention- 
ed additions, or cold roast of the allowed sorts with 
tea or light wine, or beer. 

IV. Order of the day and Bill of Fare for people 
who suffer from regular chronic gout. 

In general, all food must be avoided which favors the 
formation of acids in the stomach and bowels, and 
of uric-acid and urea. Therefore, all azotic food, from 
the animal and vegetable kingdoms, must be limited as 
much as possible. Specially avoided must be meat of 
full grown animals, all legumen, tea, coffee, chocolate,wine, 
beer and other liquors. All acid dishes such as salad 
and fruit are interdicted. 

Early in the morning to the springs, one hour after 
the last cup of water : 

BREAKFAST. 

Milk, oat-meal, meat of young animals, rice, etc. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 107 

DINNER. 

Meat and vegetables. As long as the patient suffers 
very much, all meat of warm-blooded animals ought 
to be entirely avoided. He may however regale 
himself on boiled fish, or the hind-legs of frogs. 
According to the progress made in his recovery, 
he may proceed to dishes of veal, pigeon or chicken. 
These he can take with jelly. 

Of vegetables, all the roots enumerated in the first 
column, are allowed ; also spinach, dandelion and 
lettuce, 

DESSERT. 

Grapes may be allowed. 

Beverages: Copious draughts of acidulous mineral 
and fresh water. 

Nap after dinner prohibited. 

After dinner : Plenty of exercise in the open air. 
About 6 o'clock, back to the springs. 
8 o'clock. SUPPER. 

Very light. 

As it is of the highest importance to compile the bill 
of fare for plethoric, hcemorrhoidal and gouty patients in 
such a manner as to withhold from them certain sub- 
stances contained in meat, which by their introduction 
into the organism produce others of the same detrimen- 



108 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

tal nature, we recommend in addition, the following gen- 
eral rules : 

i . Meat should to be taken but once a day if possible 
and then at noon. 

2. Even then it must be consumed sparingly, so as 
not entirely to satisfy the cravings of hunger. Ac- 
cording to an old rule every meal ought to be inter- 
rupted, when one most enjoys it. 

3. As it is likewise of importance to the above class 
of patients, that the food consumed should be regularly 
digested and that they should have plenty of exercise 
in the open air, it is strictly forbidden to take luncheon 
at noon, and dinner at 6 o'clock, for in the first place 
more food is thus consumed than is advantageous and 
secondly, digestion can thereby only be imperfect, con- 
sequently formation of acids in the stomach and bowels 
is promoted and finally much valuable time is lost, 
which could be better employed in walks, etc. 

The dietetic prescriptions laid down so far for visitors 
to the springs, are made for the purpose of withholding 
from the organism certain superfluous, in some instances 
even pernicious substances, or to prevent their new-forma* 
tion. In the following pages we turn our attention to 
another class of visitors to the springs, into whose organ- 
ism certain substances, necessary for their welfare, are to 
be introduced, while others already present, but in a 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. IO9 

morbid state, are to be improved. To this class belong 
chiefly those suffering from poverty of the blood (chloro- 
sis) and those suffering from scrofula and rhachitis. 

In compiling a Bill of Fare for those suffering from 
anaemia and chlorosis, we have to distinguish two differ- 
ent forms of this disease, one in which, together -with 
anaemia, a certain leanness of the sick person prevails, 
and another, where in spite of anaemia, often a very con- 
siderable degree of corpulency may be observed, 

Starting from these points of view the following order 
of the day and Bills of Fare may be recommended. 
V. Order of the day and Bill of Fare for patients 

suffering from ancemia with prevailing leanness. 

Early in the morning to the springs. One hour after 
taking the last cup of water : 

BREAKFSAT. 

Milk, light coffee or tea with milk, chocolate, rolls or 
rusks. A small beefsteak, mutton chops, game and 
fowl. 

DINNER. 

Soup : Broth with the additions of the above mention- 
ed kinds of meat (Soup a la Reine,) or substances 
containing starch such as barley, rice, grits, sago, 
tapioca, peas, lentils, potatoes. If broth should be 
wanting, milk-soup may be substituted. 

Meat : All roasts of meat with red fibre, likewise the 
poultry mentioned in the first column of the table. 



IIO A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS 

Unfit and consequently to be avoided is all meat of 
too young animals and meat with a white fibre, like 
veal, pork, etc. 

Fish is not interdicted, but can be replaced by some- 
thing more nutritious. 

Vegetables : Owing to their trifling nutritious value 
they can, as a matter of course, be considered but 
of little consequence and are therefore to be looked 
upon more as digestives, and as improving the taste 
of meat. 

The most suitable are those growing in the ground, 
and legumens, such as young peas, etc. Salad is 
prohibited. 

Dishes made of eggs are allowed, if they are so pre- 
pared that the albumen is not coagulated. 

A nap after dinner is allowed. 

After dinner moderate exercise in the open air, no 
fatiguing marches, but short walks in the neighbor- 
hood. 

Between 6 and 7 o'clock, back to the spring. 

supper. Beefsteak, fowl or roast of the above mention- 
ed kinds with weak tea or beer. 

Cheese is forbidden. 
VI. Order of the day and Bill of Fare for patients 

suffering from ancemia with inclination to obesity. 

Early in the morning to the springs, one hour after 
the last cup of water : 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. Ill 

BREAKFAST. 

Broth, meat with a red fibre such as beef and mutton. 
Neither beer, nor other liquors are allowed. 

DINNER. 

Soup : Broth carefully freed of fat with addition of 

meat as in the morning. Boiled fish. 
Meat : All roasts of meat with a red fibre, but without 

fat and without rich gravies, poultry. 

Vegetables : These ought to be avoided if possible, or 
at least be taken only in small quantities. Those 
growing above-ground are preferable, and of these 
especially spinach. 

The vegetables containing starch, salads, cheese and 
eggs are not allowed. 

After dinner plenty of exercise in the open air. 

About 6 o'clock, back to the spring. 

SUPPER. 

Beefsteak or cold meat of the above sorts, with weak 

tea or coffee, without milk or sugar. 
With all meals as little bread as possible. 

VII. Order of the day and Bill of Fare for patients 
suffering from scrofula* 

Early in the morning to the springs, one hour after 
the last cup of water : 



112 a TREATISE 6N MINERAL WATERS. 

BREAKFAST. 

Milk or coffee with milk, tea made of the leaves of 
the walnut tree, and rusks, meat of red fibre. 

The time after breakfast must be spent in the open air. 

ii to 12 o'clock: Baths of mineral water, sometimes 
with additions of mother-lye. 

12 o'clock, LUNCHEON. 

Beefsteak, warm or cold roast, and poultry of the kinds 

recommended in table No. V. 
The interval until dinner to be spent out doors again. 

DINNER. 

Soup : Broth with additions of meat. 

Meat : Meat and roasted poultry of the kinds allowed 

in table No. V. 
Vegetables : All vegetables found in the first column 

of synoptical table growing above ground, except 

those containing starch, and of the others, salsify, 

carrots and asparagus. 

DESSERT. 

Stewed fruit. 

Exercise out doors. 

About 6 o'clock, to the springs. 

SUPPER. 

Milk, eggs prepared in various ways, meat. 

All soups containing starch, all dishes prepared of 
flour or potatoes and likewise spirituous liquors are 
prohibited. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 113 

VIII. Order of the day and Bill of Fare for patients 
suffering from rh a eh Ms. 

In the process of the disease which we call Rhachitis, 
the lactic acid found in abundance in the bowels and the 
blood of the patient, is a principal symptom. As it is 
formed chiefly of food which contains starch, this 
should be strictly avoided. For the same reason a so- 
called milk diet, curiously enough prescribed very fre- 
quently in the treatment of this disease, must be pro- 
hibited. Here too, meat is greatly preferable to all other 
kinds of food, and since the baths as well as the rest of 
the dietetic rules in this disease are identical with those 
in scrofula, we refer the patients to the bill of fare for 
scrofulous persons from which are to be excluded milk, 
coffee, and tea of the leaves of the walnut. 

There is yet to be mentioned for patients of the three 
last classes (anoemia, scrofula and rhachitis.) 

1. That four meals are of greater benefit to them 
than three only during the day. This rule will, 
amongst others, prevent them from committing the 
mistake usually made by persons who eat less often 
but generally too much at a time. It is not impor- 
tant how much one eats, but how much of it is digest- 
ed. If little is eaten, everything is digested, if, on 
the contrary, much is eaten, but little is digested, and 
owing to the indigestion brought on, often nothing 
at all. The desired end is hot only gained, but the 
evil is increased* 



114 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

2. Care must be had that at every meal a sufficient 
quantity of meat is taken. 

3. Patients ought to pass all their leasure time out 
doors when the weather permits, but not take any 
fatiguing walks or perform any bodily or mental labor. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 



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A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 121 



ALLEGHANY SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location : In Montgomery county, Virginia, on the south fork 
of the Roanoke River, three miles south of Shawsville on the 
Norfolk and Western Railroad. 

The Waters: Cold saline. 

How Long Known and Used : Fifty years. 

Emergence: From a valley surrounded by spurs of the Alle- 
ghany mountains, with magnesium, lime stone formation, of the 
lower Silurian period, interlaced with argillaceous slates. 

Two Sources : One saline, the other lythia. 

Quantity of Water Discharged : Four hundred gallons in 
twenty-four hours. 

Temperature: 54° Fab r 

Particular Character: Limpid, odorless and of faint acid 
reaction, slightly saline taste. 

Employed: Principally in drinking at the spring; transported 
in bottles. 

Situation : In the midst of the Alleghany mountains, several 
thousand feet above the level of the sea. 

Climate: Delightfully cool and agreeable. 

Season: From 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Waters: 
These waters are excitant in different degrees; they act princi- 
pally on the mucous membranes and the skin, and also increase 
the action of the kidneys. They are rich in sulphates and are 
mildly or actively purgative, according to the quantity taken ; 
and are especially valuable in all forms of dyspepsia, in obstinate 
costiveness, in scrofula and cutaneous exanthemita, jaundice and 
billiary calculi. 

Analysis. 

One Gallon, 70,000 Grains, contains 

Sulphate of Mognesia 50.884290 grains. 

Do. Lime 115.294022 " 

Do. Soda 1.717959 " 

Do. Potassa... 3.699081 " 

Carbonate of Copper 0.000359 " 

Do. Lead 0.000569 " 

Do. Zinc 0001713 " 

Do. Iron 0.157049 " 

Do. Manganese 060617 " 

Do. Lime 3 613209 " 

Do. Magnesia 362362 " 

Do. Strontia 0.060536 " 

Do. Baryta 0.022404 " 

Do. Lithia 0.001679 * 



122 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Analysts — Continued. 

Nitrate of Magnesia 3.219562 grains. 

Do. Ammonia.... 0.559412 " 

Phosphate of Alumina 0.025549 " 

Silicate of Alumina 0.207399 " 

Fluoride of Calcium 0.022858 " 

Chloride of Sodium 0.274676 " 

Silicic Acid 0.882782 " 

Crenic Acid 0.001921 " 

Apocrenic Acid 0.000192 " 

Other Organic Matter ... 1.999121 " 

Carbonate of Cobalt ) TrflOP _ 

Teroxide of Antimony.. \ traces " 

183.069321 
Solid ingredients by direct evapora- 
tion gave 184.072000 " 

Half combined carbonic acid 1.885526 " 

Free carbonic acid , 5.455726 " 

Hydro sulphuric acid 0.001339 " 

Total amount of ingredients 190.411912 " 

AVON SPRINGS (New York). 

Location: These springs are situated in the western part of 
the State of New York, on the Genesee River, near the village of 
Avon, and 18 miles from Rochester. The accommodations are 
sufficiently extensive for a large number of visitors. 

The Waters are cold, and contain an appreciable quantity of 
lime, soda, magnesia, and a trace of iodine. 

How Long Known and Used: They have been known and 
used since 1795. 

Sources: There are four springs, viz.: The New Bath, The 
Middle, The New, and the Iodine or Sylvian Springs. 

Quantity of Water Discharged fer Hour: The New 
Spring discharges about 54 gallons of water per minute. 

The Temperature of the Water ranges from 45° to 51° 
Fahr. 

Particular Character : Limpid, alkaline and gaseous. 

Employed : In drinking and bathing. 

Climate: Temperate, but subject to considerable variations. 

Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action: The waters are 
alterative; they act sensibly upon the liver, sometimes producing 
salivation, and when taken in considerable quantities are aperient. 
They have been successfully used in scrofula, skin diseases aud 
chronic rheumatism. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 123 

Analysis. 

New Bath Spring. 

Carbonate of lime. ...» , 3.37 grains. 

Sulphate of lime 0.44 " 

Sulphate of magnesia 1.01 " 

Sulphate of soda 4.84 " 

Chloride of sodium 0.71 " 

10.87 
Sulphuretted hydrogen 3 91 cubic inches. 
Temperature of the water 50° Fahr ; specific gravity 1.00356. 

New Spring. 

Carbonate of lime B 58 grains. 

Chloride of calcium , 1 .05 " 

Sulphate of lime 717 " 

Sulphate of magnesia 6.21 " 

Sulphate of soda 1.71 " 

19.72 

Of gaseous contents — 

Sulphate hydrogen. 1 82 " 

Carbonic acid 0.50 " 

Nitrogen 0.67 " 

And a minute fraction of atmospheric air. 
Middle Spring. 

Carbonate of lime 1.00 grains. 

Sulphate of lime 10.50 " 

Sulphate of magnesia 1.25 " 

Sulphate of soda 2.00 " 

Chloride of sodium 2.30 " 

17.05 

Sulphuretted hydrogen 12.00 " 

Carbonic acid 5.60 " 

Iodine or Sylvian Spring. 

Chloride of magnesium 62.400 grains. 

Chloride of sodium 97.440 " 

Sulphate of lime 80 426 " 

Carbonate of magnesia 15 974 " 

Carbonate of lime 26 800 " 

Vegetable matter 240 " 

Iodide of sodium. 

296.240 

Sulphuretted hydrogen 20 684 cubic in. 

Carbonic acid 4.992 " 

25.676 



124 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

BALLSTON SPRINGS (New York). 

Location: Seven miles southwest from Saratoga, near the vil- 
lage of Ballston. 

The Waters: Cold, acidulous saline chalybeate, and sul- 
phurous. 

How Long- Known and Used: Discover d in 17C9. 

Emergence: From a group of springs, and from a depth of 
six hundred and fifty feet, through a tube bored into the sohd 
rock. 

Sources : Sans Souci, Park Low's Well, the United States, Frank- 
lin, Fulton Chalybeate, and the Washing ton Lithia Well. 

Temperature : 50° Fahr. 

Particular Character : The walerfrom the Artesian Spring 
is strongly impregnated- with Lithia, limpid and pleasant to the 
taste. 

Employed: Principally in drinking, and for bottling. 

Climate: Temperate. 

Season: From 1st of June to the end of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : Mild 
cathartic, active diuretic and tonic. Principally used in rheuma- 
tism, gout, diseases of the kidneys, liver and stomach ; also an ex- 
cellent remedy in dyspepsia and constipation. 

Analysis. 

Sans Souci Spring. 

Chloride of sodium 143.733 grains. 

Bicarbonate of soda 12.66 " 

Bi-carbonate of magnesia 39 01 " 

Carbonate of lime 43.407 " 

Carbonate of iron TTw 5 95 " 

Hydriodate of soda.. 1.3 " 

Silex 1. 

247.15 

United States Spring. 

Chloride of sodium 53.12 grains. 

Carbonate of soda 2.11 " 

Carbonate of magnesia 0.72 " 

Carbonate of lime with a little oxide of iron 3.65 " 

Sulphate of soda 0.22 " 

Silica 1.00 " 



60.82 
Carbonic acid 30.50. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 125 

Washington Lithia Well. 

Chloride of sodium 045.481 

Chloride of potassium 9.232 

Bromide of sodium 2.368 

Iodide of sodium . . , .225 

Fluoride of calcium Trace. 

Bi-carbonate of lithia 15 514 

Bi-carbonate of soda 34.400 

Bi-carbonate of magnesia 158.348 

Bicarbonate of lime... 173.484 

Bi-carbouate of strontia .189 

Bi-carbonate of baryta. 4 739 

Bi-carbonate of iron 2.296 

Phosphate of soda , . . . .003 

Bi-borate of soda Trace. 

Alumina .595 

Silica 1.026 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total per gallon, 231 cubic in 1,047.700 

Carbonic acid gas 338,345 cub. in. 

Density 1,010 

Temperature 49° Fahr. 

BATH ALUM SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location : At the eastern base of the Warm Springs Mountain, 
in Bath county, Virginia, forty-five miles west from Staunton. 

The Waters : i he waters are cold, and strongly impregnated 
with alum, and iron. 

How Long Known and Used: They have only attracted 
public attention within the last half century. 

Emergence : From a slate-stone cliff twelve or fifteen feet 
high. 

Sources: There are three principal springs. One is a strong 
chalybeate, with but little alum ; another a milder chalybeate, with 
more alum, and another with a large quantity of alum and but 
little iron. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: The quantity 
of water varies as the season is wet or dry. 

Temperature: 00° Fahr. 

Particular Character: The gaseous matter in the waters 
is a mixture of carbonic acid, nitrogen and a small proportion of 
oxygen. 

Emfloyed : Only in drinking. 

Situation: In a valley at the base of the Warm Springs 
Mountain. 



126 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Climate: Cool, dry mountain climate, with considerable mois- 
ture. 

Season: From the tst'of June to the middle of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: Tonic 
and astringent. Valuable in anemic conditions generally, also in 
scrofula, eruptive and dyspeptic affections. 

Analysis. 

Pure water . 58317.206 

Free sulphuric acid 7.878 

Carb )nic acid 3.846 

Sulphate of potash .258 

Magnesia 1.283 

Lime 2.539 

Protoxide of iron 21 776 

Alumina 12.293 

Crenate of ammonia 1 776 

Silicate of soda ... 3.150 

54.798 
Pure water 58317 202 

58372.000 

BEDFORD SPRINGS (Pennsylvania). 

Location: In Bedford county, Pennsylvania, near the village 
of Bedford, one hundred miles west of Hirrisburg, about one 
hundred miles east of Pittsburg, and one hundred and thirty miles 
northwest from Washington city. 

The Waters: Cold water, sulphate of magnesia and lime, and 
carbonate of iron. 

How Long Ksown and Used: For nearly a century. 

Emergence: From limestone, calcaneus and silicious forma- 
tions. 

Five Sources: Anderson's Spring, Sweet, Sulphur, Chaly- 
beate, Limestone, and Upper Spring. 

Temperature: From 52° to 58° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Clexr, lively and sparkling; no per- 
ceptible odor, saline taste. 

Employed: Principally in drinking. A large quantity of the 
water is annually bottled and shipped. 

Situation : High mountain elevation. 

Climate: Delightful summer climate; mornings and evenings 
cool, but warm in the middle of the day, daring the summer. 

Season: From the 1st of June to the middle of October. ■ 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Waters: Pur- 



A TREATISE Q$ MINERAL WATER3. 127 

gative in doses of one or two glasses, laxative in smaller quanti- 
ties and toaic. They also excite the action of the kidneys and 
skin, causing a free secretion of urine and perspiration. After 
several days' use it acts less energetically on the bowels, and one 
can drink several glasses with impunity. Th -$ use of this water 
is principally indicated in torpidity of the bowels, dyspepsia, en- 
gorgements of the liver an1 other vicera, chronic bowel affections 
and diseases of the lymphatic system. 

Analysis ©f Anderson's Spring. 

Sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salts 20 grains. 

Sulphate of lime 3f 4 ' 

Muriate of soda 2^ " 

Muriate of lime , £ " 

Carbonate of iron. 1£ " 

Carbonate of lime 2 " 

Loss./..., -. i " 

Total No. of grains per gallon 31 

Carbonic acid gas, 18| cubic inches. 

BERKELEY SPRINGS (West Virginia). 

Location: In the village of Berkeley, Morgan county, West 
Virginia, two and a half miles from Sir John's Uun depot on the 
B. & O. Railroad ninety-three miles west from Washington city, 
and one hundred and eighty six miles northwest from Rich- 
mond, Ya. 

The Waters: Thermal, alkaline and gaseous. 

How Long Known and Used : The use and value of the 
baths were known to the Indians, but the Europeans first vis- 
ited them in 1830, when they were called the " Warm Springs." 

Emergence: The waters issue from the base of a steep ridge 
of sandstone strata of various degrees of hardness. 

Sources: There are five principal sources and numerous lesser 
ones, all within a hundred yards. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: About 2000 
gallons per minute. 

Temperature : A. uniform and invariable temperature of 70° 
Fahr. 

Particular Character: Limpid, sparkling and tasteless wa- 
ters, which disengage numerous fine bubbles of gas. 

Employed: In drinking, bathing, douche, showers, inhalations, 
&c. The swimming pools are veiy large and convenient, and are 
lined with white marble. The gentlemen's pool is 60x20 feet and 
five feet deep ; the ladies' pool is somewhat smaller, and there arc 
twenty private swimming pools 10x5 feet and four feet deep. 



128 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Situation : In a narrow valley, about eight hundred feet above 
the level of the sea. 

Climate: That of the mountain regions of Virginia generally ; 
cool mornings and evenings, with a peculiar and bracing freshness. 
The atmosphere is dry, but of sufficient humidity to render it 
easily respirable and very salubrious 

Season : From the 15th of May to the 1st of November. It is 
now in contemplation to erect a hydropathic establishment simi- 
lar to those at Matlock in England and Divonne in France, after 
which the place will be open throughout the entire year. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : Pow- 
erfully diuretic, sudorific and slightly laxative. It is beneficial in 
many diseases. It stimulates the functions of digestion, increases 
the appetite, and constitutes a very agreeable drink, nnd, as a 
" table water," will be found pleasant and valuable The baths 
not only act as a cosmetic and beautifler of the skin and com- 
plexim, but are especially valuable in many of the diseases inci- 
dent to women ; and, from their tendency to counteract uric acid 
and pho c phatic deposits, have been found to be almost a specific 
in rheumatism, whether simple or complicated with gout, sciatica, 
or other neurotic affections. 

Analysis. 

Carbonate of lime 5.00 

Crenate 3.64 

Iron 08 

Chloride of sodium 90 

Calcium 21 

Sulphate of magnesia 36 

Siliciate of lime 63 

Loss 06 

10.88 
Gaseous contents — 

Carbonic Acid 19.00 

Oxygen 16.60 

Nitrogen 64 30 

99.90 
BETHESDA SPRINGS (Wisconsin). 

Location: At Waukesha, in the Prairie du Chien, twenty^one 
miles west from Milwaukee 

The Wateks: They belong to the class of bi-carbonated 
waters. 

How Long Known k*st> Used: Discovered in 1868. 

Emergence: From the Pruirie du Chien. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 129 

Sources: One principal spring. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: Sufficient for 
drinking and bathing. 

Temperature: 60° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Limpid and odorless. 

Employed: In drinking and bathing. 

Situation: Very attractive; beautiful landscape and lovely 
scenery. 

Climate : Healthy and delightful ; very dry, cool and refresh- 
ing during the summer. 

Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : Al- 
terative and decidedly diuretic. It has proved highly efficient in 
the treatment of diabetes and Bright's disease, inflammation of 
the urinary organs, torpid liver and dyspepsia. 

Analysis. 

In one U. S. or wine gallon, of 231 inches, there are: 

Chloride of sodium 1.160 grains. 

Sulphate of potassa 0.454 " 

Sulphate of sodium 0.542 " 

Bi-carbonate of lime 17.022 u 

Bi-carbonate of magnesia 12.888 " 

Bi-carbonate of iron 042 " 

Bi-carbonate of soda 1 256 " 

Phosphate of soda a trace 

Alumina 0.122 u 

Silica , . . 0.944 " 

Organic matter 1.983 " 

Total 35 710 grains. 

BLADEN SPRINGS (Alabama). 

Location: In Clark county, about eighty miles from Mobile 
and six miles from Coffeeville. 

The Waters: Cold, alkaline, carbonate of soda and sulphate 
of lime. 

Six Sources: Differing very slightly from each o*her. 

Quantity op Wateii Discharged per Hour: A very abun- 
dant supply. 

Particular Character: Large amount of free carbonic acid. 

Employed: Drinking and bathing. 

Situation : Broken and hilly country, with native forest growth. 

Climate: Warm, but healthy. 

Season : Spring, early summer and fall months. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Waters : They 
have been employed successfully in various affections of thestom- 



130 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

ach, bowels and kidneys, as well as in chronic rheumatism and 
skin diseases 

Analysis. 

Sulphuretted hydrogen, quantity not ascertained. 

Carbonic acid gas .4 075 cubic inches. 

Chloride of sodium 0.9625 

Ox de of iron 0.0300 

Sulphate of lime 0.0019 cubic inches. 

Crenic acid 0912 

Loss , 0400 

Carbonate of soda 4. 1112 

Carbonate of lime 0.3437 

Carbonate of magnesia 1703 " 

Silica of alumina 0.2631 

Apocrenic acid 0.0750 " 

BLUE LICK SPRINGS (Kentucky). 

Location: In Nicholas county, Kentucky, on the banks of 
Licking River, sixty-five miles above Cincinnati. 

The Waters : Saline sulphur. 

How Long Known and Used : Since the early settlement of 
the State. 

Emergence : From a reservoir of stone. 

Sources: Upper and lower Blue Lick Springs. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour : Very abundant. 

Temperature: 62° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Clear, very strong odor and taste 
of sulphuretted hydrogen. 

Employed : In drinking and bathing. It is very largely trans- 
ported both in bottles and barrels 

Situation: On the Licking River, about twenty feet from the 
water's edge. 

Climate : Well adapted for a summer resort. 

Season: From 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: Al- 
terative, stimulant, diuretic and laxative. Yevy valuable in af- 
fections of the liver, and in engorgement of the abdominal vicera 
generally; also efficacious in rheumatism and diseases of the skin. 

Analysis. 

One pint contains — solids : 

Carbonate of magnesia 0.017 grains. 

Carbonate of lime 2.957 " 

Chloride of potassium 0.174 " 

Chloride of sodium 64.107 " 

Chloride of magnesium 4.049 " 

Sulphate of potassa 1.117 " 

Sulphate of lime 4.249 " 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 131 

Analysis — Continued. 

Iodide of magnesium. 0.006 grains. 

Bromide of magnesium. 0.080 " 

Alumina,phosphate of lime and oxide of iron 0.045 " 

Silicic acid 0.138 " 

Loss 2.216 " 

Total 79.105 

BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location: At the summit of Blue Ridge Mountain, on the 
Norfolk and Western Railroad, forty-one miies west from Lynch- 
burg, in the county of Botetourt, Virginia. 

The Waters: Clear and odorless, belonging to the class of 
saline waters 
How Long Known and Used : Recently opened to the public. 
Emergence: From the Blue Ridge Mountains, beneath a ledge 
of lime stone. 

Sources : One spring only, which yields about 150 gallons per 
hour. 
Temperature : 52° Fahr. 

Employed: Drinking only; it is bottled for transportation in 
half gallon bottles. 

Situation : In the midst of wild and grand scenery, thirteen 
hundred feet above the level of the sea 

Climate : Delightful temperature during the summer ; cool 
nights and mornings, dry, pure air. 

Season ; From 1st of June to 15th of October. 
Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : Mildly 
laxative or actively purgative, according to the quantity used and 
the susceptibility of the bnvels; it also acts upon the skin and 
kidneys. Especially recommended in chronic dysentery and 
mucous diarrhoea, in the various forms of dyspepsia, in Bright's 
disease of the kidneys, chronic inflammation of the bladder, con- 
stipation, scrofula. &c. 

Analysis. 

Silicic acid 1.2629 grains. 

Alumina .1402 " 

Bi carbonate of iron .4088 " 

Bicarbonate of magnesia 8 0100 " 

Bi carbonate of lime 5.4383 " 

Sulphate of magnesia 47.5568 " 

Sulphate of lime.. 100.2174 " 

Sulphate of soda 9741 " 

Sulphate of potash, 4056 " " 

Chloride of sodium 2503 " 

159.6642 



132 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location: In the midst of what is known as the ''Buffalo 
Hills," in Meek len berg county, Virginia, twelve mi'es from Scotts- 
burg Depot on the Richmond and Danville Railroad. 

The Waters are cold and contain a large quantity of magne- 
sia, alumina, lime, potash and lithia 

How Long Known and Used: These waters have only been 
highly prized of late years. 

Emergence : From ihe surrounding hills, similar in general ap- 
pearance to the Blue -Ridge .Mountains 

Three Sources: No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3, of which "No. 2" 
now attracts the largest share of public attention. 

Temperature : (~;0° Fahr. 

Particular Character : The water fresh from the spring is 
limpid and without taste or odor. 

Employed: Only in drinking ; it is bottled and transported in 
large quantities. 

Situation : In a hilly country, rive hundred feet above the level 
of the sea. 

Climate: Moderate an 1 dry. 

Season: From 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: The 
first effect is to excite the capillary circulation, producing flushed 
face and quickened pulse; they act decidedly upon the skin and 
kidneys, producing active diuresis. These waters are highly rec- 
ommended in rheumatism, gout and diseases of the kidneys. 

Analysis. 

Sulphate of magnesia , -. .... 885 grains. 

Alumina 9.067 " 

Lime 33.067 " 

Carbonate of potash „ 29.300 " 

Bi-carbonate of lime 14.9H3 " 

Lithia 2.250 " 

Baryta . 1.750 " 

Iron 0.300 " 

Chloride of sodium 4 921 " 

Silica 1873 " 

Phosphoric acid traces 

Iodide traces 

Organic matter small amount 

Total number of grains per gallon. 98.376 

Sulphurretted hydrogen. r . . . 8.3 cubic in. 
Carbonic acid gas 59.2 " 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 133 

CAPON SPRINGS (West Virginia). 

Location: In Hampshire county, West Virginia, twenty-five 
mil* s from Winchester, Va , and 15 miles from Capon Road Sta- 
tion on the Valley Branch of the B. & O. R. R. 

The Wateks: Carbonated alkaline. 

How Long Known and Used: For nearly fifty years. 

Emergence : From the base of a mountain cliff of slate for- 
mation. 

Two Sources. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: G000 gallons* 

Temperature : 66° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Limpid, sparkling, gaseous, tasteless 
and odorless. 

Employed: In drinking and bathing. The swimming bath is 
one of the largest and most delightful in the world. 

Situation: In a valley west of North Mountain, nearly two 
thousand f et above the level of the sea. 

Climate: Delicious and salubrious during the summer. The 
atmosphere is dry and very exhilarating; temperature pleasant 
throughout the entire day; nights delightfully cool. 

Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of November. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water . Ant- 
acid, highly diuretic, laxative when taken in large quantities. 
Very efficacious in the treatment of rheumatism and gout, in acid 
forms of dyspepsia and gastric catarrh. It also stimulates the 
liver and causes an active secretion of bile. Especially valuable 
in malarial troubles, in uric acid, gravel and Blight's disease of the 
kidneys. It is highly esteemed in the treatment of the various 
forms of diseases incident to females. 

Analysis. 

The following result was obtained on complete analysis, making 
the usual assumptions as to the distribution of acid and basic con- 
stituents. In all probability, the silicate really exists as soluble 
silicic acid, or a silicate : 

Gbains pee Imperial Gallon. 

No. 1. No. 2. 

"Main Spring.'' kk Beauty Spring/* 

Sodium carbonate .591 .G-31 

Lithium carbonate Distinct trace. Faint trace. 

Calcium carbonate 8 825 8.355 

Magnesium carbonate 1.441 1 2G0 

Ferrous carbonate .041 .052 

Manganous carbonate Trace. Truce. 

Cupric carbonate . Trace. 

Sodium chloride .056 0M 

Potassium sulphate .170 .163 

Strontium sulphate , Trace. Trace. 



134 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Analysis — Continued. 

Calcium sulphate .593 .408 

Calcium phosphate .002 .002 

Calcium fluoride Trace. Trace. 

Alumina .018 .015 

Silica .707 .672 

Nitrates Trace. Trace. 

Organic matter .204 .189 

12 138 11.810 

Dissolved Gases. 

Cubic Inches per Imperial Gallon. 
(60° F. and 30 in Press.) 
No. 1. No. 2. 

Carbon dioxide 8 57 7.81 

Oxygen 1.76 1.69 

Nitrogen 3.68 8.71 

14 01 13.21 

Free Gases. 
From No. 1 gas, escapes in bubbles at frequent intervals, to the 
extent of about 300 or 350 cubic inches per hour. This consists of 

Nitrogen 78.74 

Oxygen 9.02 

Carbon dioxide 4.38 

Marsh gas 7.87 



I at 15 C .5.C. 



100.00 
The specific gravity of water was found to be : 

No. 1 1.000 091 

No. 2 1 .000.088 

The temperature of the water is 65°. 5 F., showing the Springs 
to be distinctly thermal. 

The water from the two Springs may be considered as essenti- 
ally the same. 

I. W. MALLET, 

Prof, of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry, 
Jan. 37, 1877. University of Virginia. 



r 



AUQUIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 



Location: In Fauquier county, Virginia, seven miles from 
Warren ton and forty-seven miles west of Washington city. 
The Waters: Cold sulphur. 

How Long Known and Used: More than half a century. 
One Source. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 135 

Temperature: 56° Fakr. 

Particular Character: Limpid, strong odor and laste of 
sulphuretted hydrogen. 

Employed : In drinking only. 

Situation : In an undulating country. 

Climate : Very warm in tke summer season ; moderately pleas- 
ant nights. 

Season: From 1st of June to tke middle of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: Lax- 
ative and diuretic wken first used. Valuable in rheumatism, dis- 
eases of the skin, chronic affections of tke liver and kidneys, dys- 
pepsia, &c. 

GETTYSBURG SPRINGS (Pennsylvania). 

Location : Near the town of Gettysburg, in Adams county, 
Pennsylvania, 

The" Waters: Alkaline, carburetter!. 

How Long Known and Used : Since 1884. 

Sources : From one spring. 

Employed : In drinking only. 

Situation: Among tke kills surrounding Gettysburg. 

Climate : Pleasant, mountain climate. 

Season : From tke 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: Tke 
waters are said to possess an alterative power. Tkey have been 
employed in dyspepsia, ckronic diarrhoea, and affections of tke 
kidneys and bladder, 

Analysis, 

Sulphate of baryta . Trace. 

Sulphate of strontia. 0,001.27 grains. 

Sulphate of lime.. 0,831.45 " 

Sulphate of magnesia 6,779.40 " 

Sulphate of potash 0,208.33 " 

Sulphate of soda 2,467.70 " 

' Chloride of sodium .... 0,657.90 ' ; 

Chloride of lithium , Trace. 

Bi-carbonate of soda. . „ .-. 0,704.57 " 

Bi-carbonate of lime 16,408.15 " 

Bi-carbonate of magnesia * . 0,542.60 4 ' 

Bicarbonate of iron .,.., 0,035 85 " 

Bi-carbonate of manganese 0,006,69 M 

Bi carbonate of nickel. Trace. 

Bi-carbonate of cobalt Trace, 

Bi-carbonate of copper . . 0,000.50 " 

Borate of magnesia 0,034 92 " 

Phosphate of lime 0,006.79 " 



136 A TREATISE ON BOEERAL WATERS. 

Analysis — Contin m d. 

Fluoride of calcium 0,009 54 grains. 

Alumina 0,003.80 " 

Silicic acid 2,030.88 " 

Organic matter, with traces of nitric 

^~ acid, &c 0,708.70 " 

Impurities suspended in the water, like 

clay, &c 1,100 69 M 

32,542.72 

HARR0DSBURG SPRINGS (Kentucky). 

Location : At Harrodsburg, Mercer county, Kentucky ; acceesi- 
ble by rail from Cincinnati, Lou'sville and Chattanooga. 

The Waters: Cold. 

How Long Known and Used: Nearly a century. 

Five Souhces. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour : Only enough 
for drinking purposes 

Employed: In drinking only. 

Situation : High, rolling land ; about seven hundred feet above 
sea level . 

Climate : Pleasant summer climate. 

Season : From the 1st of June to 1st of September. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: Lax- 
ative and tonic. Useful in all forms of dyspepsia, chronic diar- 
rhoea and dysentery. 

Analysis. 

By State Chemist. Qualitative- 
Sulphate magnesia 

Bi-carbonate magnesia 

Bicarbonate lime 

Bi-carbonate iron 

Chloride sodium Small. 

HEALING SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location : In Bath connty, Virginia, accessible by stage, fifteen 
miles from Covington, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad 

The Waters : Alkaline, carbonates and sulphates. 

How Long Known and Used : For more than half a century. 

TnREE Sources very near each other. 

Quantity of Water Di^chargld per Hour : A large volume. 

Temperature : Uniformly 86° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Beautifully bright and crystalline, 
gaseous. 

Employed : In drinking and bathing. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 137 

Healing Springs (Virginia)— continued. 

Situation : In a beautiful valley at the base of the Warm 
Springs Mountain. 

Climate: Delightful mountain climate. 

Season : From 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action op Water: 
Diuretic, diaphoretic and laxative, alterative and tonic. They 
have been successfully employed in chronic ulcers, affections of the 
skin, scrofula, chronic ophthalmic affection, sub-acute rheumatism, 
neuralgia, and syphilitic affections. 

Analysis. 

Carbonate of lime 18.721 grains. 

Carbonate of magnesia 1.964 " 

Carbonate of iron 275 " 

Sulphate of lime 1.263 " 

Sulphate of magnesia 7.392 " 

Sulphate of potassa 2 530 " 

Sulphate of iron 100 " 

Sulphate of ammonia 234 *' 

Chloride of potassium 253 " 

Chloride of sodium 288 « 

Silicicacid , 1.820 u 

Organic acid, probably crenic 876 " 

Carbonic ^cid 2 286 " 

Sulphuretted hydrogen 00010 " 

Pxr}**- .«*«*■ 

38.00210 " 

HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 

Location: In Hot Springs county, Arkansas, fifty -five miles 
southwest from Arkansas, and twenty-two miles from Malvern. 
Connected by rail with all points in the United States. 

The Waters: Thermal; impregnated w T ith free carbonic acid. 

How Long Known and Used : Known to the aborigines, but 
not improved until 1807. 

Emergence : From a trifa formation. 

Sources: r lhere are seventy- one different sources. 

Quantity op Water Discharged per Hour: Aggregate dis- 
charge from all the sources about 20,000 gallons. 

Temperature : From 93° to 157° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Limpid, pure and tasteless. 

Employed: Principally in bathing— douche, vapor and tub 
baths. 

Situation : In a valley of the Hot Springs Mountain. 



133 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Climate : In the summer warm days, cool and refreshing nigh ts. 
The mercury rarely falls to zero in the winter. The c.imate is not 
subject to great extremes of either heat or cold. 

Season : All the year. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: When 
taken internally it arouses the absorbent and secreting systems, 
and stimulates the haemic glands. Valuable in all rheumatic con- 
ditions of the system, in gout, scrofula, syphilis, mercurial poi- 
soning and various skin diseases. 

Analysis (by Prof. liarkin). 

Silicic acid 24.74 grains . 

Sesqui oxide of iron 1.19 " 

Alumina .t 5.15 " 

Li me B 28.93 " 

Magnesia 73 " 

Chlorine 07 " 

Carbonic acid 21.36 " 

Organic matter 8.3 1 " 

Water 1.72 " 

Sulphuric acid 4 40 " 

Potash , 1.46 " 

Socla 2.01 " 

Iodide and bromide, a trace " 

Total 100 00 

HOT SPRINGS OF YIRGINIA. 

Location : In Bath county, Virginia, twenty miles by stage from 
Covington, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. 

The Waters: Thermal, non ga=eous. 

How Long Kstown and Used : For more than half a century. 

Emergence: From the Warm Spring Mountain. 

Sources: From several sources near together. 

Quantity op Water Dtscharged per Hour: Not known. 

Temperature : From 100° to 106°. 

Particular Character: Limpid and tasteless. 

Employed : Principally in bathing. 

Situation: Elevated. " 

Climate: Moderately pleasant. 

Season: From the 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Waters : Like 
hot baths, the waters of these springs stimulate the system, 
which is probably their chief sanative influence. They are 
much esteemed in various chronic affections, as rheumatism, 
bronchitis, skin diseases, &c. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 139 

-A.Hft.lv sis 

Carbonate of lime " 7.01 3 

Carbonate of magnesia 1.324 

Sulphate x>f lime - 1302 

Sulphate of magnesia 1 .530 

Sulphate of soda 1.363 

Chloride of sodium and niignesia, with a trace of 

chloride of calcium 0.105 

Proto-carbonate of iron 0.096 

Siiica , 0.045 



12.778 



JORDAN WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location: In Frederick county, Virginia, one hundred and 
eight miles west from Baltimore; two hundred and fifty miles 
northwest from Richmond; twenty-eight miles south of Harper's 
Ferry; two miles from Stephenson's Depot, Valley Railroad. 

The Waters: Cold, sulphur 

How Long Known and Used: More than one hundred years. 

Emergence: From a slate and gravel formation. 

Sources: One sulphur spring and one chalybeate spring. 

Quantity op Water Discharged per Hour: Sufficient for 
drinking purposes 

Temperature : 57° Fahr. 

Employed : In drinking and bathing. 

Situation : Elevated seven hundred and fifty feet above sea 
level. 

Climate : Very dry atmosphere ; mean temperature about 68° 
Fahr. 

Season: From 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: Ape- 
rient, diuretic, sudorific, alterative and tonic Particularly rec- 
ommended in chronic diseases of tha li/er, kidneys, stomach and 
glandular system, and skin affections. 

Analysis. 

Sulphate of lime 5.131 grains per gallon. 

Sulphate of potassa 2.090 " 

Chloride of sodium .763 " 

Carbonate of potass 9.707 " " 

Carbonate of magnesia 2.881 " " 

Carbonate of iron Trace. 

Carbonate of manganese 014 " " 

Hydro sulphuric acid 780 " " 

Silicic acid ..., 254 " " 

Alumina 009 " " 



Total mineral matter 21.635 



140 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

LEBANON SPRINGS (New York). 

Location: In Columbia county, New York. Reached by 
Harlem Road from New York city, which is one hundred and 
fifty miles south of the Springs. 

The Waters: Thermal carbonate. 

How Long Known and Used: From the early settlement of 
the country. 

Emergence : From gently rising hills. 

One Source. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour : Thirty thou- 
sand gallons. 

Temperature : 72° Fahr. 

Particular Character : Clear, warm, tasteless. 

Employed : Principally for bathing. 

Situation: In a valley one thousand feet above the sea level, 
in the midst of beautiful scenery 

Climatk: Very healthy. 

Season: From the 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: "When 
used as baths they excite particularly the circulation and the 
functions of the skin. The}' also act upon the urinary organs and 
digestive apparatus. 

Analysis. 

The principal mineral constituents are the carbonates of soda, 
lime and sodium, the sulphates of potassa and magnesia, the oxide 
of iron and alumina. 

MONTVALE SPRINGS (Tennessee). 

Location: In Blount county, Tennessee, twenty-four miles 
south of Knoxville. 

The Waters: Cold, saline. 

How Long Known and Used : For more than half a century. 

Emergence : From tie Apalaehian range of mountains, which 
extends southwesterly through Tennessee. 

Employed : In chinking and bathing. 

Situation: High elevation. 

Cltmate: Pleasant mountain climate. 

Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : Slightly 
Inxntive in small quantities; purgative in larger doses. Valuable 
in dyspepsia and chronic diarrhoea. 

Analysis. 

Chloride of sodium 1 96 

Sulphate of magnesia 12 00 

Sulphate of lime 74 21 

Sulphate of soda 4.51 

Carbonate of lime 13 26 

Carbonate of iron 2.40 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 141 

OLD SWEET SPRINGS (West Virginia). 

Location: In Monroe county, West Virginia, two hundred and 
fifty miles west from Washington city, and ten miles from Alle- 
ghany Station on the Chesapeake and Ohio RaLroad. 

The Waters: Thermal, alkaline, gaseous. 

flow Long Known and Used : For more than a hundred 
years. 

Emergence : From the hase of Sweet Spring Mountain. 

Sources: One principal source. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: About seventy 
thousand gallons 

Temperature: 74° Fahr. 

Particular Character : Warm, limpid, sparkling, inodorous, 
of a sweetish taste, and discharges numerous bubbles of gas. 

Employed : Principally in bathing. 

Situation : In a beautiful valley, between tha Sweet Spring and 
Alleghany Mountains. 

Climate : Delightful summer climate — cool mornings and even- 
ings — dry atmosphere. 

Season: From the 15th of June to the 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: The 
water is excitant, tonic and diuretic— sometimes sligktly laxative, 
but with some persons constipating. The water acts in a special 
manner on the mucous memoranes, notably of the stomach and 
genito-urinary organs. Especially valuable in dyspepsia and gas- 
tralgia, in hepatic colic not depending on calculus, and in hepatic 
engorgements. 

Analysis. 

Sulphate of lime 5.703 

Sulphate of magnesia 4.067 

Sulphate of soda 2.746 

Carbonate of lime 13.013 

Chloride of sodium 0,060 

Chloride of magnesium 0. 1 36 

Chloride of calcium 0.065 

Peroxide of iron (sesquioxide) 0.061 

Silica 0.075 

Earthy phosphate A trace. 

Carbonic acid 37.17 

Nitrogen 1 86 

Oxygen A trace. 

Sulphuretted hydrogen, a trace, too small to be measured. 



142 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

ORKNEY SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location : In Shenandoah county, Virginia, twelve miles from 
Mt. Jackson, on the Valley Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad. 

The Waters : Cold, alkaline, calcic, alkaline sulphur, ferrugi- 
nous. 

How Long Known and Used: For more than fifty years. 

Emergence : From a valley in North Mountain. 

Sources: There are five or six springs, the principal being the 
" Bear- Wallow," the " Healing" and the " Powder" or Sulphur. 

Temperature : About 65° Fahr. 

Particular Character : The different sources present differ- 
ent characteristics 

Employed : In drinking. 

Situation: Eievated valley on the eastern slope of North 
Mountain. 

Climate : Very pure, healthy and dry atmosphere. 

Season: From the 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action op Water : The 
principal spring is slightly aperient, diuretic, ionic. Valuable in 
dyspepsia, rheumatism, gout, and many of the diseases of females. 

RAWLEY SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location: In Rockingham county, Virginia, eleven miles west 
from Harrisonburg, on the Valley Railroad. 

The Waters: Cold, chalybeate. 

How Long Known and Used : But little known as a watering 
place until 1870, but known to citizens for seventy- five years. 

Emergence : From the North Mountain, in the Valley of Vir- 
ginia, through a bed of disintegrating coal and a vein of brown 
hemetite ore. 

Three Sources : Chalybeate, sulphur and magnesia. 

Quantity of Water Discharged : About 158 imperial gallons 
per minute from the main fountain. 

Temperature : From 51° to 54° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Clear and transparent as it flows 
from the earth, but on exposure to the air soon deposits a rust- 
colored precipitate, mainly of oxide of iron. 

Employed : In drinking and bathing. 

Situation : Very elevated. 

Climate: Mountain climate, exceptionally healthy and delight- 
ful in the summer season. 

Season : From loth of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapkutic Action of Waters: 
Tonic, non-irritant, resolvent. Their principal indications are in 
chlorosis, anemia, neuralgia, dyspepsia, some of the maladies 
peculiar to females, and in all diseases caused by poverty of the 
blood or debility of the nervous system. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 143 

Analysis. 

Protoxide of iron j .3214 grains per imperial gallon. 

Protoxide of manganese 0122 " " 

Alumina 0514 

Magnesia 3874 

Lime 3536 

Lithia, (detected by spectroscope)Trace 

Soda 3068 

Potash 0721 

Ammonia Trace 

Sulphuric acid 5208 

Chlorine 0315 " 

Silicic acid 8163 

Carbonic acid (combined) 1.5624 " " 

Organic matter (in humoid acid). .3531 " " 

The gases dissolved are as follows: 

Carbonic acid 7.24 cubic inches per imperial gallon. 

Oxygen 2.07 

Nitrogen 4.18 

RED SULPHUR SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location : In Monroe county, Virginia, about twenty-five miles 
south of Lewisburg, in Greenbrier county, West Virginia. They 
are reached by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. 

The Waters: Cold, saline sulphur. 

How Long Known and Used: For more than half a century. 

Emergence: From the Apalachian chain of mountains. 

Sources: From one principal spring. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour : Sufficient for 
drinking purposes. 

Particular Character : Clear and transparent when in its 
natural state, and out of contact with atmospheric air. Air, acids 
and other agents separate the sulphur from the water. The water 
deposits a red colored matter, which is said to be moss or lichen. 
The water has a distinct taste aud smell of sulphuretted hydrogen. 

Employed : Exclusively in drinking. 

Situation : High mountain elevation. 

Climate : Delightfully cool in the summer season. 

Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : Stim- 
ulating, tonic, alterative and diuretic. This water has long been 
highly valued as a curative agent in consumption and other chronic 
affections of the pulmonary organs; it has also been used with 
success in the treatment of subacute inflammations of the stom- 
ach, liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder and intestines, and in some 
forms of uterine disease, 



144 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Analysis. 

Carbonic acid 1245 grains. 

Nitrogen 1497 

Oxygen 280 " 

Hydro-sulphuric acid 86 " 

3088 " 
And afford of— 

Siliceous and earthy matter 0.70 

Sulphate of soda 3.55 

Sulphate of lime * 47 

Carbonate of lime 4 50 

Carbonate of magnesia 4.13 

Sulphur compound 7.20 

Carbonic acid 2.71 



23.26 



RICHFIELD SPRINGS (New York.) 

Location: In Oswego county, New York, ninety-five miles 
west from Albany and two hundred and fifteen miles northwest 
from New York city. 

The Waters: Sulphates and bicarbonatcs 

How Long Known- and Used : Before the advent of the 
white man. 

One Source. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: Sufficient for 
drinking purposes. 

Employed : In drinking. 

Situation: Delightfully situated in a plain near Schuyler's 
Lake. 

Climate : Pleasant summer climate. 

Season : From 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: Alter- 
ative and diuretic, valuable in rheumatism, affections of the liver 
and many forms of dyspepsia. 

Analysis. 

Bicarbonate of magnesia 20 grains. 

Bicarbonate of lime 10 

Chloride of sodium and magnesia 1.5 

Sulphate of magnesia 30 

Hydrosulphate of magnesia and lime 2 

Sulphate of lime 20 

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas per gallon 26.Q inches. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WAFERS. 145 

ROANOKE RED SULPHUR SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location: In Roanoke county, Virginia, near Salem, sixty- 
miles west from Lynchburg, Va., on the Norfolk and Western 
Railroad. 

The Waters : Cold, sulphur. 

How Long Known and Used : Over fifty years. 

Emergence : Sandstone and iron deposits. 

Three Sources. 

Quantity op Water Discharged per Hour: Ample for 
two hundred guests. 

Temperature : 52° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Clear when first discharged, but 
after standing a white deposit of sulphur drops down. , 

Employed : In drinking only. 

Situation : On mountain side, twenty-two hundred feet above 
the level of the sea. 

Climate : Very dry and cool. 

Season : From 15th of May to 15lh of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Waters: 
They increase the volume of the pulse, but diminish its frequency ; 
alterative and diuretic. They are considered valuable in pulmo- 
nary affections and vascular excitements, and are said to be effi- 
cacious in certain forms of renal, viceral and womb diseases. 

Analysis. 

Grains of anhydrous constituents in one gallon of 281 cubic 
inches. 

Calcium carbonate 6.53650 

Magnesium carbonate 5 83876 

Lithium carbonate 0.01549 

Manganese carbonate 0.01624 

Iron carbonate 0.05842 

Copper carbonate Trace. 

Sodium chloride 0.24401 

Ammonium chloride 0.01801 

Calcium phosphate 0.02931 

Lead sulphate Trace. 

Barium sulphate Trace. 

Strontium sulphate 1.71000 

Calcium sulphate 2.19142 

Sodium sulphate 3 03719 

Potassium sulphate 0.32626 

Sodium hyposulphite 0.03046 

Ammonium nitrate. 0.05476 

Alumina , 0.00648 

Silica 0.83951 



146 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Analysis— Continued. 

Organic matter 0.76005 

Arsenic Trace. 

21.70287 
Carbonic anhydride combined with monocar- 
bonates to form bicarbonates 5.96680 

27.66967 
Cubic inches gases per gallon : 

Carbonate andidride , , . . 12 40 

Sulphuretted hydrogen 2.00 

ROCKBRIDGE ALUM SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location : In Rockbridge county, Virginia, one hundred and 
seventy-five miles northwest from Richmond ; one hundred and 
eighty miles west from Washington, and about three hundred 
miles east from Cincinnati. 

The Waters : Cold, astringent, ferruginous. 

How Long Known and Used : As a health resort for more 
than fifty years. 

Emergence : From a mass of shale-rock. 

Sources: Five different reservoirs are formed by the percola- 
tion of water through the mass of shale, 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour : Variable. 

Temperature: 60° Fahr. 

Particular Character : Clear, odorless,with a strongly styptic 
taste. 

Employed : In drinking only. They are largely transported 
both in wood and glass vessels. 

Situation : In a valley formed by the North and Mill Moun- 
tains. 

Climate: Temperate and agreeable mountain climate; cool 
evenings and nights. 

Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of October ; but it is 
in contemplation to establish a sanitarium here, which will be 
kept open all the year. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action : These waters oc- 
casionally act as a purgative when taken in large quantities. 
They have proved a reliable remedy in scrofula, skin diseases, 
chronic diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and in many female diseases. 

Analysis (Well No. 2). 

Sulphate of potash 1.765 

Sulphate of lime 3.263 

Sulphate of magnesia .. , . 1.763 

Protoxide of iron 4.863 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 14? 

Analysis— Co ntinued. 

Alumina 17.905 

Crenate of ammonia 0.700 

Chloride of sodium 1.008 

Silicic acid 2.840 

Free sulphuric acid 15.224 

Carbonic acid 7.356 

56 687 
Pure water 58315.313 

58372.000 
SARATOGA SPRINGS (New York). 

Location : In the city of Saratoga, New York. 

The Waters : Acidulo-saline or carbonated saline. 

How Long Known and Used: As early as 1767. 

Emergence : Calcarious tufa. 

Sources : The waters emerge from eighteen or twenty sources. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour : A very great 
volume. 

Temperature: From 47° to 51° Fahr. 

Particular Character : Cold, clear, sparkling, of saline taste 
and very gaseous. 

Employed : In drinking and bathing, and exportation in bot- 
tles and barrels. 

Situation : Moderately elevated. 

Climate : Healthy, cool, dry atmosphere. The middle of the 
day in the summer season is generally warm, but the nights are 
rendered tolerably cool by recurring breezes. 

Season: From the 1st of June to the 1st of November. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Waters : Sana- 
tive in small quantities, purgative in larger doses. They have 
been used in the cure of almost every species of disease, both 
chronic and acute, and hold the highest rank in the list of the 
mineral waters of America. Their analysis shows them to be 
much richer in mineral properties than similar springs in Europe, 
The selection of the spring to be used must be governed by the 
malady to be treated. 

Analysis. 

Congress Spring. 

Chloride of sodium.. 385.0 

Hydriodate of soda 3.5 

Carbonate of soda 

Bicarbonate of soda 8.982 

Carbonate of magnesia 

Bicarbonate of magnesia < . . 95.788 



148 A TREATISE Ofr MINERAL WATERS. 

Analysis — Continued. 

Carbonate of lime 98.098 

Carbonate of iron. 5.075 

Silica 1.5 

Hydrobroraate of potassa a trace. 

597.943 
Gaseous contents: 

Carbonic acid 311 cubic inches. 

Atmospheric air 7 u 

318 
Empire Spring. 

Chloride of sodium 269.696 

Bicarbonate of lime 141.824 

Bicarbonate of magnesia 41.984 

Bicarbonate of soda 30.848 

Hydriodate of soda or iodine 12.000 

Bicarbonate of iron ? a trace. 



496.352 
Specific gravity 1039. 

Excelsior Spring. 

Chloride of sodium 370.642 grains. 

Carbonate of lime 77.000 " 

Carbonate of magnesia 32.333 " 

Carbonate of soda 15.000 " 

Silicate of potassa 7.000 " 

Carbonate of iron 3.215 " 

Sulphate of soda 1.321 " 

Silicate of soda 4.000 " 

Iodide of soda 4,235 " 

Bromide of potassa trace. 

Sulphate of strontia trace. 

Solid contents in a gallon 514.746 grains. 

Carbonate acid 250 cubic inches. 

Atmosphere 3 " 

Gaseous contents 243 " 

Saratoga Spring. 

Chloride of sodium 565.300 

Chloride of potassium 347 

Chlorides of calcium and magnesia. traces. 

Bicarbonate of soda * . . 6.752 

Bicarbonate of lime 56.852 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 149 

Analysis — Continued. 

Bicarbonate of magnesia 20.480 

Bicarbonate of iron 1 .724 

Sulphate of lime 448 

Sulphate of magnesia 288 

Sulphate of soda 2.500 

Sulphate of potassa 370 

Silicic acid 1 460 

Alumina 380 

Per gallon 656 911 

Free carbonic acid gas 212 cubic inches. 

Atmospheric air 4 

Per gallon 216 

SHARON SPRINGS (New York). 

Location : In the village of Sharon, Schoharie county, New 
York ; accessible from the New York Central Railroad. 

The Waters: Cold, sulphur and magnesia. 

How Long Known and Used: For many years; they have 
assumed extraordinary prominence They were known and used 
by the Indians. 

Emergence : From a valley, about eleven hundred feet above 
the level of the sea. 

Two Sources: White Sulphur Spring and Gardner Magnesia 
Spring. 

Quantity of Water Discharged : The Sulphur Spring dis- 
charges about four barrels of water per minute. 

Temperature : Invariably 48° Fahr 

Particular Character: Clear and sparkling ; free from rough- 
ness or ascidity to the taste, which is characteristic of most sul- 
pbuii waters. 

Employed: In drinking and bathing. The best sulphur bath- 
houses in America The ladies' house contains forty and the 
gentlemen's fifty-two baih-rooms, and the bath-tubs are all of 
slate. 

Situation : In a hilly region, with pleasant scenery. 

Climate: Pure and bracing air, free from malarial impurities ; 
cool and pleasant nights, even in the warmest summer weather. 

Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of Oclober. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : A 
prompt and powerful alterative, aperient, diuretic, diaphoretic and 
deobstruent. Especially valuable in rheumatism, gout, paralysis, 
stiff joints, congestion of the liver and kidneys, abdominal "ple- 
thora, hemorrhoids, neuralgia, dyspepsia, leucorrhoea and dysmen- 
orrhea arising from certain condiiions; also efficient in the treat- 
ment of diseases of the skin. 



150 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Analysis. 

White Sulphur Spring. 
Contents of one gallon — 

Bi-carbonate of magnesia 24. grains. 

Sulphate of magnesia 34. " 

Sulphate of lime 85 4 " 

Hydro-sulphate of magnesia and lime 3. " 

Chloride of sodium and magnesium 2.7 " 

Solid contents 149.1 

Hydro-sulphuric acid gas, or sulphuretted 

hydrogen 20 5 cubic in. 

Temperature invariably 48° Fahr. 

Gardner Magnesia Spring. 

Contents of one gallon — 

Sulphate of magnesia 19.680 grains. 

Sulphate of lime 93.50Q " 

Bicarbonate of magnesia 1.360 " 

Bi-carbonate of lime 9.698 " 

Bi-carbonate of soda 554 " 

Chloride of sodium 1.232 " 

Chloride of magnesium. 438 u 

Chloride of calcium . 162 " 

Sulphurets calcium aucl magnesia 625 M 

Silicic acid 400 " 

Solid contents 127.639 

Sulphuretted hydrogen 6.00 cubic in. 

Carbonic acid 2.22 " 

Atmospheric air 3.00 " 

Temperature invariably 4S C Fahr. 

SILURIAN SPRINGS (Wisconsin.) 

Locat/on: Near Waukesha, Wisconsin. 

The Waters: Alkaline carbonate 

How Long Known and Used : Only recently opened to the 
public. 

Emergence : From an elevation of fifty feet above Fox River. 

One Source. 

Particular Character : Clear, odorless, free from organic 
matter. 

Employed : Tn drinking and bathing. 

Situation : Elevated. 

Climate : Healthv. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 151 

Season: From 1st of June to 1st of October. 

Pysiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : Altera- 
tive, diuretic and slightly laxative Valuable in chronic malarial 
troubles, in certain dyspeptic disorders, in diseases of the kidneys, 
in rheumatism and gout, and in chronic dysentery. 

Analysis. 

Chloride of sodium 0.1926 grains. 

Sulphate of sodium 0.2917 " 

Bicarbonate of sodium 0.0301 " 

Carbonate of calcium 9.9277 " 

Carbonate of magnesium 6.8324 " 

Carbonate of iron, 0.1285 " 

Phosphate of iron traces. 

Phosphate of manganese traces. 

Alumina 0.5827 " 

Silica 0.7004 " 

Organic matter very faint trace. 

Total solids , 18.6861 grains. 

Carbonic acid gas 44.7 cubic in. per gallon. 

SWEET CHALYBEATE SPRING (Virginia). 

Location : In Alleghany county, Virginia, one hundred and 
forty-nine miles from Washington and nine miles from Alleghany 
Station, on the C. & O. R. 11. 

The Waters: Thermal, ferruginous, carbonates. 

How Long Known and Used: More than three-quarters of a 
century. 

Emergence : From masses of porous stone. 

Three Sources : 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: About five 
thousand gallons 

Temperature : 76' Fahr. 

Particular Character: Clear, warm, and of a sweet fer 
ruginous taste 

Employed : In drinking and bathing. 

Situation : within one mile of the Old Sweet Springs, and in 
the same valley. 

Climate: Very bracing and healthy. 

Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of October. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water : Pow- 
erful tonic, slightly laxative and diuretic. Highly recommended 
in nervous dyspepsia, ana? nia, chlorosis, lucchoroea, spermator- 
rhoea, and especially valuable in many forms of neuralgia. 



152 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Analysis. 

One quart of water contains — 

Carbonate of lime 4 grains. 

Carbonate of magnesia 3 " 

Carbonate of iron 2 " 

Silex 1 grain. 

Sulphate of magnesia 1 " 

Muriate of soda i " 

Iron combined 1 " 

Carbonic acid. 

TATE SPRING (Tennessee). 

Location : In Grainger county, Tennessee, ten miles north of 
Morristown Station, on the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia 
Railroad. 

The Waters; Cold, salioe and ferruginous. 

How Long Known and Used : For more than a quarter of a 
century. 

Emergence : From the southern base of Clinch Mountain. 

Source: One spring. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour; One hundred 
and twenty gallons. 

Temperature: 55° Fabr. 

Particular Character : Transparent, tasteless, inodorous, 
gaseous. 

Employed: In drinking and bathing. 

Situation: Fourteen hundred feet above sea level. 

Climate : Pure and healthful atmosphere. 

Season : All the year. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF WATER : 

Alterative and tonic; the water has been found efficacious in dys- 
pepsia, in functional disorders of the nervous system, in diseases 
of the liver, bowels and kidneys, and in some of the diseases of 
females. 

Analysis. 

Sulphuric acid 131.27 

Lime 81 .12 

Magnesia 10 99 

Iron peroxide 1.00 

Magnesia peroxide (traces). 

Potash and Soda 5.90 

Chlorine 32.63 

Sil icia, soluble 27 

Phosphoric acid 71 

Carbonic acid 9.90 

.Nitric acid 02 

Total....... ,. ,, , 272.91 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 153 

Analysis — Continued, 

Sulphate of lime 160.66 

" of magnesia 31.97 

of soda 8.50 

" of potassia 1-54 

Chloride of sodium 40.27 

iron 292 ^ 

11 magnesia 69 

Iodide of sodium (traces). 

Phosphate of lime 1.14^ 

Carbonate of lime 21.56' 

Silicia 2.70 

Nitric acid . . 02 

Total 272.91 

WARM SPRINGS (North Carolina). 

Location: In Madison county, North Carolina, one hundred 
and fifty miles north from Chattanooga and four hundred and sev- 
enty-five miles southwest from Washington city. 

The Waters: Thermal, calcic sulphur waters. 

How Long Known and Used: More than sixty years. 

Sources: -About twenty springs. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: From the 
principal spring about nine thousand gallons. 

Temperature : From 104° to 117° Fahr. 

Particular Character : Limpid, odorless and tasteless. 

Employed : Tn drinking and bathing. 

Situation : In a valley surrounded by mountains, two thousand 
feet above the level of the sea. 

Climate : Cool and pleasant in the summer. 

Season: Open all the year. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Waters : These 
thermal baths and waters have been successfully used in gout, 
rheumatism, neuralgia, diseases of the skin, paralysis, and many 
of the diseases incident to females. Analysis shows the principal 
mineral constituent to be chloride of potassium, sodium, magne- 
sium and calcium, and sulphate of potassa, soda, magnesia and 
lime. 

WARM SPRINGS (Virginia). 

Location: In Bath county, Virginia, fifteen miles from Mil- 
boro' Station, on the C. & O. R R. 

The Waters: Thermal. 

How Long Known and Used: For more than seventy-five 
years. 

Emergence: From west base of Warm Spring Mountain. 



154 A TRE1TISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Sources: Three large springs. 

Quantity of Water Discharged per Hour: About three 
hundred thousand gallons 

Temperature: 98° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Limpid and gaseous. 

Employed : Principally in bathing. 

Situation : About twenty-five hundred feet above sea level. 
* Climate : Salubrious and delightfully cool. 

Season : From the 1st of May to 1st of November. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action op Water : These 
•waters are valuable in affections of the respiratory organs and in 
dyspepsia dependent upon abdominal plethera ; they are some- 
times aperient and diuretic when taken internally. They are 
peculiarly applicable, when administered by baths, in all forms of 
rheumatism and gout, in neuralgia, especially lumbago and sciatica, 
and in the congestive forms of the menstrual functions and oilier 
female affections. 

Analysis. 

Sulphate of potash 1 .871 grains. 

Sulphate of ammonia 369 

Sulphate of lime 14.531 

Carbonate of lime 5.220 

Crenate of iron 2.498 

Silicate of magnesia and alumina 1.724 

Carbonic acid * 6.919 



32.632 



WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS (West Virginia). 

Location : In Greenbrier county, West Virginia, on tbe line of 
the C. & O. R. R., two hundred and forty-seven miles west from 
Washington city, and about three hundred and fifty miles east 
from Cincinnati. 

The Waters : Cold sulphur. 

How Long Known and Used : For more than a century. 

Emergence: Tn a valley between the Greenbrier and Kates 
Mountains. 

Sources : One spring. 

Quantity of Water Discharged : About thirty gallons per 
minute. 

Temperature: 60° Fahr. 

Particular Character: Limpid; possessing a strong odor 
and taste of sulphuretted hydrogen; deposits a white sediment. 

Employed : Principally in drinking. 

Situation ; Two thousand feet above the level of the sea. 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 155 

Climate : Cool and bracing ; heavy fogs usually prevail at 
night. 
Season : From the 15th of June to the 1st of October. 
Physiological and Therapeutic Action of Water: Dia- 
phoretic, diuretic and aperient. Mostly used in chrouic and acute 
rheumatism, rheumatic paralysis, diseases of the skin and tor- 
pidity of the liver. 

Analysis. 

Sulphate of lime 67.168 

Sulphate of magnesia 30 364 

Chloride of magnesium .859 

Carbonate of lime 6 060 

Organic matter (dried at 212° F.) 3.740 

Carbonic acid . 4 584 

Silicates (silica 1.34, po'ash .18, soda .66, magnesia 

and a trace of oxyd. iron). 2 960 

115.735 

YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS (West Virginia). 

Location : In Mongomery county, Virginia, three and a half 
miles from Chistiansburg, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. 
The Waters: Cold, calcic-sulphur. 
How Long Known and Used : Nearly a hundred years. 
Emergence: The spring rises from the eastern slope of the 
Allegany Mountains, within sixty feet of the summit. 
Soukce: One spring. 

Quantity of Water Discharged: Thirty-six hundred gal- 
lons per day. 
Temperature: 55° Fahr. 

Particular Character : Clear, transparent ; deposits a 
brownish yellow sediment. 

Employed: In drinking and bathing 

Climate: Elastic, pure atmosphere; delightfully cool in sum- 
mer ; two thousand feet above the level of the sea. 
Season : From the 1st of June to the 1st of October. 
Phcsiological and Therapeutic Actiox of Water : Gently 
purgative, alterative, tonic and diuretic Valuable in dyspepsia, 
chronic diarrhoea, skin diseases and of the diseases incident to 
females. 

Analysis. 

Carbonate of lime 8.642 grains. 

Carbonate of magnesia 1 389 " 

Carbonate of protoxide of iron 0.617 " 

Free carbonic acid , . . 4.680 u 

Sulpate of lime. ... 65.302 " 



156 A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 

Analysis — Continued. 

Sulphate of magnesia 21.098 grains. 

Sulphate of Alumina 3176 u 

Sulphate of potash 0.107 " 

Sulphate of soda 0.750 " 

Protoxide of iron traces. 

Phosphate of lime 015 " 

Phosphate of magnesia 0.01 1 " 

Chloride of potassium 0.097 " 

Chloride of sodium 076 " 

Organic extractive matter 3.733 " 

BAILEY SPRINGS (Alabama). 

Location : In Lauderdale county, Alabama, on the Memphis 
and Charleston Railroad. 

The Waters are cold. There has never been made a proper 
analysis. That of Prof. Tugmey is the only one, and is as follows : 
Carbonate of iron, carbonate of soda, chloride of sodium, car- 
bonate of potassa, sulphur with soda 

How Long Known : The water has baen used for medical pur- 
poses for about fifty "years, with steadily increasing reputation. 

Emergence : The rock sprino emerges from a ledge of cherty 
rock overlaid with limestone. The brick spring arises apparently 
in gravel. 

Sources : There are five different springs emerging within an 
enclosure fifty feet wide and a hundred and fifty feet long. Each 
is distinct from the others in its character. They are known as 
the rock, the brick, the soda, the alum and the freestone. 

The Quantity op Water Discharged varies. The rock 
spring, which is the most used, is very small. It will supply the 
necessities of not more than three hundred patients at the same 
time. It is not affected in volume by drouth or rain, except that 
sometimes the surface water inundates it after unusually copious 
showers; but this soon runs off, leaving the spring as before. 

The Tempertuke is that of ordinary spring water. 

Particular Character: The waters are perfectly clear and 
limpid. The rock, soda, alum and freestone springs are free from 
taste or odor The brick spring has a slight smell of sulphur. 
It tastes strongly of iron. 

Medical Service: The medical service of the establishment 
is administered by one resident physician, and in case of need by 
the physicians of Florence, a town near by. 

Employed : The water is employed chiefly by internal admin- 
istration, though it has been found very efficacious as a local 
application in some diseases of the eyes and skin. 

Situation: The springs issue from an indenture in the highest 
elevation in the neighborhood. The hotel can be seen for miles 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 15? 

upon the summit of this elevatiou. The indenture gives the hill 
the semblance of a horseshoe. The buildings are upon this horse- 
shoe, and surround the springs on three sides. The fourth side is 
an incline that leads down through a romantic ravine by a suc- 
cession of cascades to a stream known as ■' Shoal Creek." It is a 
mountain river with rocky bottom, and is full of bass. 

The Climate is that of Alabama, tempered by elevation. The 
breeze being unimpeded is almost perpetual. There is hardly a 
night in summer when a blanket is not required for comfort. 

Season: As it is a resort for both invalids and pleasure seekers, 
the place is kept open all the year. The summer guests usually 
begin to arrive about the middle of June and remain till cool 
weather in autum. 

Physiological and Therapeutic Action of the Water: 
The rock spring water is the most used m cases of disease. It is 
a most powerful diuretic, alterative and nerve sedative. It is 
much used in cases of dropsy to remove the effusion. In scrofula, 
dyspepsia and diseases of the skin, its alterative effect renders it 
very valuable. Its action as a nerve sedative is positive. In 
incipient dipsomania it relieves the agitation and obliterates the 
thirst for alcohol. This strange property is so well known in the 
neighboring town that patients trying to relinquish the use of 
stimulants use no other water. It is also useiul in diseases pecu- 
liar to women, particularly those associated with nervous derange- 
ments. In disorders of the kidneys it is very useful. Cases of 
lithic and oxalic deposit are alike benefited, though whether the 
result is due to chemical or mechanical action has never been 
determined. There are also on record several well authenticated 
cases of Bright's disease that have been permanently cured by its 
use. The brick spring is tonic, chalybeate, alterative and slightly 
purgative. It is excellently adapted for the use of persons suffer- 
ing from no disease, but debilitated and fatigued by overwork or 
too close attention to business. The freestone water is not consid- 
ered medicinal. The alum has only been employed as a bath for 
weak or sore eyes. The soda is sometimes used in cases of dys- 
pepsia, but is considered inferior to the rock. 



i58 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 



TA B l_ E 
Of tli£ Best Known Mineral Springs in America 



Those marked thus * are described in this volume. 



Abenaquis N. H. 

Adams... Ohio. 

Albany, Artesian Well. .N. Y. 

Alburg Vt. 

*Alleghany Va. 

Alpena Mich. 

Amherst N. H. 

Augusta Ya. 

*Avon N. Y. 

Baily Ala. 

*Ballston N. Y. 

Bartlett Cal. 

*Bath Alum Ya. 

^Bedford Penn. 

Bedford Ky. 

Bedford Alum Ya. 

Beersheeba Tenn. 

^Berkeley W. Ya. 

Berkeshire Soda Mass. 

*Bethesda Wis. 

Bethesda Ga. 

Big Bone Ky. 

Birch Dale .N. H. 

*Bladen Ala. 

Blossburg Pa. 

Blount Ala. 

*Blue Lick Ky. 

*Blue Ridge Ya. 

Blue Sulphur W. Ya 

Botetourt . Ya. 

Bradford N. H. 

^Buffalo Lithia Ya. 

Burners Ya. 

Butterworths. Mich. 



Calestoga * Cal. 

*Capon ...W.Va. 

Cappers Ya. 

Carlisle Pa. 

Catoosa Ga. 

Central Vt. 

Chittenango N.Y. 

Clarendon Yt. 

Clifton NY. 

Columbian N. Y. 

Congress Col. 

Congress N. Y. 

Coyners Ya. 

Crab Orchard Ky . 

Cresson Pa. 

Crystal Cal. 

Crystal N.Y. 

Dagger's Ya. 

DeSota La. 

Dibreil's Va. 

Drennon Ky . 

Dryden N.Y. 

Eaton Rapids Mich. 

Eggleston's Ya. 

Elgin ....Vt. 

Ellis .N.Y. 

Empire N. Y. 

Esculapia Ky. 

Estill Ky. 

Eureka N.Y. 

Excelsior N. Y. 

*Fauquier White Sulphur. .Va. 



A Treatise on Mineral waters. 



159 



Fayette Pa. 

Fox Ky. 

French, Lick Incl. 

Fruit, Port.. Mich. 

Frys, Soda Cal 

^Gettysburg Pa. 

Geyser .N.Y. 

Geysers Cal. 

Geysers Wyo. 

Gilroy Cal. 

Glenn S. C. 

Grand Lodge Mich. 

Great Salt Lake Utah. 

Green Castle Ind 

Green Cove Fla. 

Grayson Ky . 

Grayson Va. 

Hamilton NY. 

Harbines Col. 

*fIarroclsburg Ky. 

Hathorn N.Y. 

^Healing Va. 

High Rock N.Y. 

High Gate Vt, 

*Hot Ark. 

*FIot Va. 

Huganot Va. 

Idaho Col. 

Indian . Ga. 

Indian Ind. 

* Jordan's Va. 

Lafayette Ind. 

Lansing Mich. 

Latona Ky. 

^Lebanon . . . . N. Y. 

Leslie Mich. 

Lodi Ind. 

Messena. . N. Y. 

Middle Park ...Col. 

Middletown Vt. 

Midland Mich. 



Mineral N. J. 

Mineral.. Ohio. 

Minnequa Pa. 

Mississquoi -....Vt. 

Montgomery Va. 

*Montvale Tenn . 

Napa Soda Cal. 

Newberry Vt. 

Oak Orchard N.Y. 

*01d Sweet Va. 

Olymphian Ky. 

Orange Fla. 

*Orkney Va . 

Owosso .Mich. 

Paroquet Ky . 

Paso Robles. Cal*. 

Perry 111. 

Piedmont Cal. 

Piedmont Tenn. 

Puebla Jev. 

Putnam N.Y. 

*Rawley Va. 

Red N.Y. 

*Red Sulphur W.Va. 

*Red Sweet Va. 

*Richfield ..,.N.Y. 

*Roanoke Red Sulphur Va. 

*Rockbridge Alum Va. 

Salt Sulphur W. Va. 

San Bernardino Cal. 

San Barbara Cal. 

^Saratoga N. Y. 

Seltzer Cal. 

Seven Fountains Va. 

Shannondale W. Va. 

*Sharon N.Y. 

Sheldon... Vt. 

Shocco N. C. 

*Silurian Wis. 

Sitka Alaska. 

Spring Lake Mich. 

St. Catherines Can. 



160 



A TREATISE ON MINERAL WATERS. 



Striblings Ya. 

Summit Cal. 

*Sweet Chalybeate Va. 

Tate ] Term. 

Vichy Cal. 

Volcano Nev. 



*Wann N. C. 

*Warm Va. 

Warren N. C. 

* White Sulphur, Greenbrier 

county W. Va. 

* Yellow Sulphur Va. 

York Sulphur .Va. 







I 






NATIONAL HOTEL, 

■V^A.SHCHNTGS-XOlSr, 3D. O. 

Largest Hotel in the City! 

Remodeled ! Refurnished ! 

New Passenger Elevator ! 




Prices from $2.50 to $4 per day, according- to location of room. 
Safest hotel in the country in case of fire, having" six different stair- 
ways from top to ground floor. 

Horse Cars pass the door to all parts of the city. 



F. TENNEY, 
W. H. CROSBY. 



JPMOJPMIJETOItS. 



MPI WHITE SULPHUR SFfflGS HOTEL, 

Reached via Virginia Midland It. II., 56 Miles from 
Washington City. 

The Hotel is a fine brick structure of imposing; appearance, five 
stories high, built in the most substantial manner, with all modern im- 
provements. The rooms are all airy and cheerful, with spacious hall- 
ways running throug-h each story. The large Ball Room is in the main 
Imilding-. The country is wild and picturesque, the air pure, free from 
malaria and the annoyaiice of mosquitos. 

First-class Band of Music in attendance during- the season. 

The Hotel will be opened the 1st of June and close the 10th of 
October. 

3F. TZ1T1TET <Sc CO. 



HALIFAX EXCURSIONS 

ALLAN LINE 

Royal Mail Steamships. 

A. Charming Deviation from the Usual Summer Trips! 

Regular Sailings from Baltimore Every Fortnight , r 



After a short, invigorating ocean voyage of three or three and 
a-half* days aboard a Fibst-Class Transatlantic Steamship, passen- 
gers are ianded at Halifax, whence excursions may be made by rail or 
steamer to pleasant resorts in the vicinity, or accommodations for a 
longer stay secured at reasonable rates at points on the beantiful inland 
lakes, or on the inlets and rivers along the coast, where the delightful 
and bracing climate of a Nova Scotian summer may be enjoyed in com- 
fortable quiet. 

Halifax itself offers many attractions to the Summer Tourist, 
with its garrison, its fine harbor, always more or less studded with 
British men-of-war, its drives, boating, fishing, etc , etc. 

The Allan Fleet consists of the following Al Iron Mail Steamships: 

NUMIDIAN, 0,100 Tons Building. 

PARISIAN. 5.5f0 " Capt- James Wylie. 

SARDINIAN, 4.200 " Lieut. Jos. E. Dutton.R.N.R. 

CIRCASSIAN. 4.2C0 '• Lieut. W. H. Smith, R. N. R. 

POLYNESIAN, 4,200 " ...Capt. Robert Brown. 

SARMATIAN, 4.100 ' w Capt. John Graham. 

PERUVIAN, 4,000 " Capt. Jos. Ritchie. 

NOVA SCOTTAN, 3,500 " Capt. \v~m. Richardson. 

HIBERNIAN, 3 000 " Capt. Hugh Wylie. 

CASPIAN, 3,000 " Lieut. B. Thomson, R. N. R. 

All of which are double engined, built in water-tight compartments* 
and unsurpassed for 

STBElTaTH ^.2<T1D COMFORT. 



Rates of First-Class Cabin Passage: 

Baltimore to Halifax $20.00 

Round Trip, good for six months 35.00 

Baltimore to Liverpool 75.00 

Baltimore to St. John's, N. F 35.00 

Round Trip Tickets at Reduced Rates. 

^^"Application for Berths should be made as far in advance as possible. 
For particulars apply to 

A. SCHUMACHER & CO., General Agents, 

5 S. GAY SrEEEr, BALTIMORE, MD. 



Tfte Sjtrttigs at ttome* 

D031EST1C WATERS, 

For which we are the Agents, Control and Protect their Purity. 



DEEP ROCK— From Oswego, N. Y. Constitutional and Kidney Water, 
too well known to need a word oi: recommendation. By the dozen, 
gallon or barrel. 

MASSAN ETTA— "From Harrisonburg, Va. Cures Malaria, with an en- 
dorsed record of 50 years. By the dozen, gallon or barrel. 

BEDFORD— From Pennsylvania. Nature's Liver Regulator; such is 
the testimony of 70 years. By the dozen, gallon or barrel. 

STRONTI A— From Maryland. Dyspepsia and Stomach Water. Although 
but a few years on the market, its sales are equal to the older Springs. 
By the dozen, gallon or barrel. 

ROCK EN ON— From Virginia. Chalybeate, Blood Restorer. 

CAPPER and WALNUT— From "Rock Enon," Va. Each too well known 
to the visitors of this p >pular resort to need a recommendation. By 
the dozen, gallon or barrel. 

RAWLEY— From Virginia. Chalybeate, Nature's Iron Tonic. Bottled 
at the Spring, preserving all its medicinal qualities. 

BLUE LICK— From Kentucky. Sulphur, Blood Purifier. The Amer- 
ican Harrowgate. 

CHAMPION— From Saratoga. Cathartic. The richest in minerals of all 
the Saratogas. By the dozen, gallon or barrel. 

SARATOGA VICHY— (The Favorite.) By the dozen, gallon or barrel. 

GEYSER— Of Saratoga. By the dozen, gallon or barrel. 

BETHESDA— Of Waukesha. On draught, gallon, dozen or barrel. 

SILURIAN— Of Waukesha. On draught, gallon, dozen or barrel. 

ROCKBRIDGE ALUM— Of Virginia. Reference, 5,000 annual visitors. 

WALLAWHATOOLA ALUM-Of Virginia. Well known in the moun- 
tains of Virginia. 

CAPON— Of West Virginia. Truly Virginia's ''favorite." By the 
dozen, gallon or barrel. 

RED SULPHUR— Of Virginia. Well known for their curative powers 
in bronchial and throat diseases. 50 years record. 

WHITE SULPHUR— From Virginia. 

MOUNT CLEM ENS— From Michigan. The world's wonder for Catarrh, 
Rheumatism and Piles. 

TATE EPSOM— rrom Tennessee. A Southern favorite. Gallon, dozen 
or barrel. 

ALLEGHANY— Of Virginia. Well known among dyspeptics. Gallon, 
dozen or barrel. 

HATHORN CONGRESS— Of Saratoga. By the case or dozen. 



Summer Resorts, either seaside or mountain, and rarties going to 
their country homes, can be supplied with pure natural mineral water 
(the same as if furnished at the different Springs), either carbonated or 
not, and thus supplying the wants of their guests or families, giving 
them pure water, ^sorted from the above. 

Send for circulars and price-list to your druggist, or 

A. S. SHAFEB, & SON,} 47 ■3&K&SrJK" ■'• 

SHAFJSIt & CO., C. B. SHAFEK, 

112 N. 9th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1010 F St., N.W., Washington, D.C 



CARROLLTON HOTEL, 

Baltimore, Light and German Ste., 



BiLLTIMOHE, I^LID. 




Rates, $4.00, $3.00 and $2.50 Per Day According to 
Location of Rooms. 

Extra charges for Parlors, Bath and Double Booms, 
according to size. 

The most convenient and latest built hotel in the 
city. 

Elevator runs continuously to all floors. 

All lines of city passenger cars pass its doors. 

Electric Light used. 

F. W. COLEMAN, Manager. 



BEST PLACE.- 



Silii^r-piated W a ^- 




Charles W. Hamill & Co. 

MANUFACTURERS, 

CALVERT AND GEKMAN STS. 



Also Repair and Replate all kinds of Trble-Ware. 



L. GOBRIGHT DELL. THEODORE KNAPP. 

DELL&KNAPP, 

1 

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,rJ8 III! 



1 

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MANUFACTURERS, 

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AND GENERAL CONTRACTORS. 
OFFICE-NO. 14 N. Holliday Street, Baltimore. 

References :- -Robert K. Martin, Civil Engineer; P. TV. & B. R. R. Company; 
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THE CHEAPEST SPELLING BOOK PUBLISHED. 



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GRAMMAR. 

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Shepherd's New Grammars 

ELEMENTARY AND ENGLISH. 

By Henry K. Shepherd, JH.A., 

-Lite Supeiiniendent Public Instruct' on Baltimore, late Professor English 
Language and Literature, BaUimore City College. 



From the Baltimore "Sun." 

"We commend Prof. Shepherd's Grammar as the best work of the 
kind we have e\er se*. n— simple, clear, adapted to the child's minj, 
and concise.'' 

From the Baltimore "American." 

" Prof. Shepherd's Grammar is the best text-book on this subject 
that has come to our notice. Prof. Shepherd's fitness for the task 
needs, of course, no comment.'" 

From the Report of the Baltimore Board of Education. 

'•Shepherd's Grammar is marked by clearness and simplicity of 
•statement; by easy, natural and progressive arrangement." 



Office Public Free Schools, City of Galveston. 

Galveston, Texas, February G, 1882. 
3Iessrs. John B. Piet & Co.: 

Dear Sirs— Long-, familiar intercourse with Prof. Shepherd leads 
me to know that he has the ability to write a logical English Grammar. 
My observation of his methods in the school-room, and of his style of 
examination, assures me that a Grammar from his pen would be prac- 
tical, sensible, clear, and well adapted to the uses intended. I find I 
am not mistaken. His work is excellent; his treatment, clear and 
logical ; his definitions, accurate and rational ; his illustrations, new 
and forcible. It requires a higher and broader knowledge on the part 
of the teacher, whom it does not trammel by dogmatisms, but who is 
encouraged therebv to study and research. 

H. B. GWYN, Sup't Public Free Schools, Galveston, Texas. 



University Normal School. 

Chapel Hill, N. C.,16th May, 1881. 
John B. Piet dc Co.: 

Dear Sirs— I am greatly pleased with Prof. Shepherd's Elementary 
English Grammar, and T would like to use it during the coming 
session of the Normal School. Very truly yours, 

KEMP P. BATTLE, President. 



Male Gkamaas School, No. 4, Baltimore, May 10, 1881. 
My Dear Sn*s— I have examined Prof. Shepherd's Grammar 
close y, and t eg leave to say that I am very much pleased with it, 
and considering it so much better adapted to the wants of our Grammar 
Schools than the one now in use, I should be delighted to see it 
adopted in lieu thereof. The general observations scattered through- 
out the book, many of them evidently beinsr the result of a searching 
historical study of the language, must prove very valuable not only 
to the pupils bn f to the teachers. 

Yours truly, JULIUS G. MILLER. 



